Why Some Speak Up: Exploring Bystander Action in Psychological Gender-Based Violence

Abstract

Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a global health and social issue, often occurring in front of bystanders—highlighting the need to encourage their active intervention. This study examined the likelihood of taking action in psychological IPVAW, considering whether bystanders were alone or with others, and how perceived severity and social responsibility influence their response. It also explored factors that encourage or hinder response through qualitative analysis. A total of 201 participants completed an online survey measuring perceived severity, sense of responsibility, likelihood of taking action, and reasons for (not) intervening in a psychological IPVAW scenario. Of these, 101 were randomly assigned to the “multiple bystanders” condition and 99 to the “sole bystander” condition. Perceived severity predicted active intervention only when participants were sole bystanders. The presence of others did not moderate the relationship between self-responsibility and intervention, although a direct link between responsibility and intervention was found. Key motivations for intervening included recognizing violence, perceiving escalation, and feeling social responsibility, while concerns about personal safety discouraged action. These findings underscore the importance of fostering personal responsibility and ensuring bystander safety to effectively promote intervention in psychological IPVAW.