The study presented here analyzed the responses of women in focus
groups who experienced or observed the glass ceiling in human service
organizations. This article discusses the women's views of the organizational practices that affect the recruitment, hiring, and promotion
of women; the various consistent themes and strategies that were
identified; and the larger societal implications of the findings.
References
1.
Austin, N. (1992). Now about this female management style. Executive Female, 15, 48-51.
2.
Bernstein, N. (1996, January 6). Study finds equality eludes most women in law firms. The New York Times, p. A9.
3.
Burbridge, L.C. (1994). The glass ceiling in different sectors of the economy: Differences between government, non-profit, and for-profit organizations . Washington, DC: Glass Ceiling Commission, U.S. Department of Labor.
4.
Cohen-Kaner, I. (1995). Attributions about male and female leaders on organizationsJournal of Jewish Communal Service , 71(2/3), 139-147.
5.
Converse, P., & Converse, J. (1981). The status of women as students and professionals in political science. Political Science , 4, 328-348.
6.
Cordes, R. (1992). Breaking through the "glass ceiling": Women underrepresented as partners. Trial, 28, 11-12.
7.
Cotton, P. (1992). Women scientists explore more ways to smash through the "glass ceiling."Journal of the American Medical Association,268, 173.
8.
Crawford, D.I. (1993). The glass ceiling in nursing management. Nursing Economics, 11, 335-341.
9.
Danzig, F., & Wells, M. (1993, May 24). Old boys' network still aliveAdvertising Age, 64, 40.
10.
Gibelman, M. (1997a). Nonprofit human service organizations: Family friendly ? Manuscript submitted for publication.
11.
Gibelman, M. (1997b). Present and accounted for: A glass ceiling in nonprofit human service organizations. Manuscript submitted for publication.
12.
Gibelman, M., & Schervish, P. (1993). The glass ceiling in social work: Is it shatter-proof?Affilia, 8, 442-455.
13.
Gibelman, M., & Schervish, P. (1995). Pay equity in social work: Not!Social Work, 40, 622-629.
14.
Gibelman, M., & Schervish, P. (1997). Who we are: A second look. Washington, DC: National Association of Social Workers .
15.
Glass Ceiling Commission. (1995a). Good for business: Making full sense of the nation's human capital . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
16.
Glass Ceiling Commission. (1995b). A solid investment: Making full use of the nation's human capital . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Labor.
17.
Gooch, L. (1994). The career experiences of women in personnel. Women in Management Review, 9,17-20.
18.
Guy, M.E. (1993). Three steps forward, two steps backward: The status of women's integration into public managementPublic Administration Review, 53, 285-293.
19.
Hornig, L.S. (1980). Untenured and tenuous: The status of women faculty . Political and Social Science, 448, 115-125.
20.
Laabs, J.L. (1993). The sticky floor beneath the glass ceiling. Personnel Journal, 72, 35-39.
21.
Matthews, J. (1993, August 15). The street with a glass ceiling. The Washington Post, p. H1.
22.
Miller, C. (1993, June 21). Women at ad agencies say top pay, positions denied to them. Marketing News, 27,1-2.
23.
Morgan, D.L. (1988). Focus groups as qualitative research . Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
24.
Morin, R. (1993, February 21). Female aides on Hill: Still outsiders in man's world. The Washington Post, pp. A1, A18.
25.
Morrison, A.M., White, R.P., van Velsor, E., & the Center for Creative Leadership. (1992). Breaking the glass ceiling: Can women reach the top of America's largest corporations?Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
26.
Oldenburg, D. (1995, August 8). Beyond the glass ceiling, another set of problemsThe Washington Post, p. E5.
27.
O'Neill, M. (1994). The paradox of women and power in the nonprofit sector In T. Odendahl & M. O'Neill (Eds.), Women and power in the nonprofit sector (pp. 1-16). San Francisco : Jossey-Bass.
28.
Rubin, A., & Babbie, E. (1997). Research methods for social work (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole .
29.
Sowers-Hoag, K.M., & Harrison, D.F. (1991). Women in social work education : Progress or promise?Journal of Social Work Education, 27, 320-328.
30.
Stewart, D.W., & Shamdasani, P.N. (1990). Focus groups: Theory and practice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
31.
Torrey, S. (1994, May 28). Female lawyers face bias, study finds . The Washington Post, pp. B1, B3.
32.
Tysl, L.C. (1993). Cross gender mentoring of successful women managers in the United States government: Toward a female model of mentoringDissertation Abstracts International,54(04), 1203A.
33.
U.S. Department of Labor. (1991). A report on the glass ceiling initiative. Washington, DC: Author.
34.
U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board. (1992 ). A question of equity: Women and the glass ceiling in the federal government. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
35.
Walsh, E. (1995, July 23). Glass ceiling breakthrough: A doctor's fight for equal rights. The Washington Post Magazine , pp. 11-30.
36.
Wangensteen, B. (1997, September 29). Managing style: What's gender got to do with it?Crain's New York Business , p. 23.
