This article presents a conceptual model that depicts the relevant
factors that explain why incarcerated women are generally in poor
health. These factors include oppressive societal ideologies and practices, personal behavior, and the environments of prisons and jails, all
of which have profound effects on health status. The interrelationships
among these factors are explored, and implications for research and
program planning are provided.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Andersen, M. L., & Hill-Collins, P (Eds.). (1992). Race, class, and gender: An anthology.Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
2.
Anno, B.J. (1991). Organizational structure of prison health care: Results of a national survey. Journal of Prison and Jail Health, 10, 59-74.
3.
Bonacich, E. (1992). Inequality in America: The failure of the American system for people of color. In M. L. Andersen & P. Hill-Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender: An anthology (pp. 96-110). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
4.
Bowker, A. (1992, May). The American Indian female dropout. Journal of American Indian Education, pp. 3-18.
5.
Braslow, C.A. (1990). Comment: Quality of care includes access to careJournal of Prison and Jail Health,9, 155-157.
6.
Campbell, J.C., & Bunting, S. (1991). Voices and paradigms: Perspectives on critical and feminist theory in nursing. Advances in Nursing Science , 13(3), 1-15.
7.
Carovano, K. (1991). More than mothers and whores: Redefining the AIDS prevention needs of women. International Journal of Health Services, 21, 131-142.
8.
Chesney, M.A., & Ozer, E.M. (1995). Women and health: In search of a paradigm. Women's health: Research on gender, behavior, and policy , 1, 3-26.
9.
Ehrenreich, B., & English, D. (1973). Complaints and disorders: The sexual politics of sickness. New York: Feminist Press.
10.
Eitzen, D.S., & Baca Zinn, M. (1992). Structural transformation and systems of inequality . In M. L. Andersen & P. Hill-Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender: An anthology (pp. 178-182). Belmont, CA : Wadsworth.
11.
Feinman, C. (1994). Women in the criminal justice system (3rded.). Westport, CT: Praeger.
12.
Frye, M. (1992). Oppression. In M. L. Andersen & P Hill-Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender: An anthology (pp. 37-42). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
13.
Gelman, S.R. (1983). Correctional policies: Evolving trends. In A. R. Roberts (Ed.), Social work in juvenile and criminal justice settings (pp. 45-65). Spring-field, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
14.
Glaser, J.B., & Greifinger, R.B. (1993). Correctional health care: A public health opportunity. Annals of Internal Medicine,118, 139-145.
15.
Gottlieb, N. (1987). Women's health and health care. In D. S. Burden & N. Gottlieb (Eds.), The woman client: Providing human services in a changing world (pp. 131-145). New York: Tavistock.
16.
Guzzardi, L.J. (1985). Health care for prisoners. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 14,185.
17.
Harm, N.J. (1992). Social policy on women prisoners: A historical analysis. Affilia, 7, 90-108.
18.
Harvey, W.B. (1984). The educational system and Black mental health . Journal of Negro Education, 53, 444-454.
19.
Henderson, D.J., Boyd, C., & Mieczkowski, T. (1994). Gender, relationships, and crack cocaine: A content analysis. Research in Nursing & Health, 17, 265-272.
20.
Hill-Collins, P. (1991). Learning from the outsider within: The sociological significance of Black feminist thought. In M. M. Fonow & J. A. Cook (Eds.), Beyond methodology: Feminist scholarship as lived research (pp. 35-59). Bloomington : Indiana University Press.
21.
hooks, b. (1992). Representing whiteness in the Black imagination . In P. Treichler & N. Treibhler (Eds.), Cultural studies (pp. 338-346). New York: Rutledge .
22.
Ingram-Fogel, C. (1991). Health problems and needs of incarcerated women . Journal of Prison and Jail Health, 10, 43-57.
23.
Ingram-Fogel, C. (1993). Hard time: The stressful nature of incarceration for women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing , 14, 367-377.
24.
Innes, C.A. (1993). Recent public opinion in the United States toward punishment and corrections. Prison Journal , 73, 220-236.
25.
Jefferson, L., & Smith, B. (1985). A health program for Black incarcerated women . Sage, 2(2), 60-64.
26.
King, L.N., & Whitman, S. (1981). Morbidity and mortality among prisoners: An epidemiologic review. Journal of Prison Health, 1, 7-29.
27.
Knight, B.B., & Early, S.T. (1986). Prisoners' rights in America.Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
28.
Leigh, W.A. (1994). The health status of women of color.Washington, DC: Women's Research and Education Institute .
29.
Lillie-Blanton, M., Martinez, R.M., Taylor, A.K., & Robinson, B.G. (1993). Latina and African American women: Continuing disparities in health . International Journal of Health Services , 23, 555-584.
30.
Lorde, A. (1992). Age, race, class, and sex: Women redefining difference . In M. L. Andersen & P. Hill-Collins (Eds.), Race, class, and gender: An anthology (pp. 495-502). Belmont, CA : Wadsworth.
31.
Maguire, K., Pastore, A., & Flanagan, T. (Eds.). (1993). Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1992.Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
32.
McIntosh, P. (1989, July-August). White privilege and male privilege: A personal account of coming to see correspondences in women's studies. Peace and Freedom, pp. 10-12.
33.
Mick, S.S., & Moscovice, I. (1993). Health care professionals In S. J. Williams & P. R. Torrens (Eds.), Introduction to health services (4thed., pp. 269-296). Albany, NY: Delmar.
34.
Newport, J. (1977). Review of health services in correctional facilities in the United States. Public Health Reports , 92, 564-569.
35.
Pollack-ByrneJ.M., (1990). Women, prison, and crime.Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
36.
Posner, M.J. (1992). The Estelle medical professional judgment standard: The right of those in state custody to receive high-cost medical treatmentsAmerican Journal of Law and Medicine , 18(1-2), 347-368.
37.
Prout, C., & Ross, R.N. (1988). Care and punishment: The dilemmas of prison medicine.Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
38.
Rask, K.J., Williams, M.V., Parker, R.M., & McNagny, S.E. (1994). Obstacles predicting lack of a regular provider and delays in seeking care for patients at an urban public hospitalJournal of the American Medical Association, 271, 1931-1933.
39.
Rodin, J., & Ickovics, J.R. (1990). Women's health: Review and research agenda as we approach the 21st century. American Psychologist, 45 , 1018-1034.
40.
Rothenberg, P. (1989). Integrating the study of race, gender, and class: Some preliminary observations. Feminist Teacher , 3(3), 37-42.
41.
Salive, M.E., & Brewer, T.F. (1989). Medical care behind bars: Maryland prison system . Maryland Medical Journal, 38, 246-249.
42.
Schilling, R., El-Bassel, N., Ivanoff, A., Gilbert, L., Su, K., & Safyer, S.M. (1994). Sexual risk behavior of incarcerated, drug-using women, 1992. Public Health Reports, 109, 539-547.
43.
Singer, M.I., Bussey, J., Song, L., & Lunghofer, L. (1995). The psychosocial issues of women serving time in jailSocial Work, 40, 103-113.
44.
Stevens, P.E., & Hall, J.M. (1992). Applying critical theories to nursing in communities . Public Health Nursing, 9, 2-9.
45.
Tucker-Allen, S., Williams, D.D., & Wisneski, S.M. (1994, March-April). Health care of women in prison: An overview. ABNF Journal , pp. 52-57.
46.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1995). Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1995 (115th ed.). Lanham, MD: Beman Press.
47.
U.S. Bureau of the Census. (1996). Current population reports: Income, poverty, and valuation of noncash benefits: 1994 (Series P-60, No. 189). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
48.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1994a). Bureau of Justice Statistics bulletin: Prisoners in 1993 (Publication No. NCJ-147036). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
49.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1994b). Bureau of Justice Statistics special report: Women in prison (Publication No. NCJ-145321). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
50.
U.S. Department of Justice. (1995). Bureau of Justice Statistics bulletin: Jails and jail inmates, 1993-1994 (Publication No. NCJ-151651). Washington, DC; U.S. Government Printing Office.
51.
Van Den Bergh, N., & Cooper, L.B. (1995). Introduction to feminist visions for social work In J. E. Tropman, J. L. Erlich, & J. Rothman (Eds.), Tactics and techniques of community intervention (3rd ed., pp. 74-93). Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.
52.
Vlahov, D., Brewer, T.F., Castro, K.G., Narkunas, J.P., Salive, M.E., Ullrich, J., & Munoz, A. (1991). Prevalence of antibody to HIV-1 among entrants to U.S. correctional facilitiesJournal of the American Medical Association, 265 , 1129-1132.
53.
Wallace, S., Klein-Saffran, J., Gaes, G., & Moritsugu, K. (1991). Health status of federal inmates: A comparison of admission and release medical recordsJournal of Prison and Jail Health , 10, 133-151.
54.
Ward, D. (1995). Women and health care. In C. Fogel & N. Woods (Eds.), Women's health care: A comprehensive handbook (pp. 111-124). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
55.
Weisbuch, J.B. (1991). The new responsibility for prison health: Working with the public health community. Journal of Prison and Jail Health, 10, 3-18.
56.
Wilson, J.S., & Leasure, R. (1991). Cruel and unusual punishment: The health care of women in prison. Nurse Practitioner , 16(2), 32-34, 36, 38-39.
57.
Winner, E. (1981). An introduction to the constitutional law of prison medical careJournal of Prison Health , 1, 67-84.