This qualitative study captured the lived experiences of 12 grandmothers who assumed the role of primary caregivers of their grandchildren because the children's parents were not present. The study found that the grandmothers experienced a role shift from grandmothers to new mothers again, which resulted in unanticipated changes in all aspects of their lives.
References
1.
American Association of Retired Persons
. (1994). Grandparents Information Center. Washington, DC: Author.
2.
Berrick, J. D.
, Barth, R. P.,& Needell, B. (1994). Acomparison of kinship foster homes and foster family homes. Children and Youth Services Review, 16, 35-63.
3.
Boyce Davies, C. E.
(1995). Hearing Black women's voices: Transgressing imposed boundaries. In C. Boyce Davies & M. Ogundipe-Leslie (Eds.), Moving beyond boundaries: Vol. 1. International dimensions of Black women's writing(pp. 3-14). New York: New York University Press.
4.
Bulmer, L. M.
(1991). The value of qualitative research. In M. Bulmer, K. G. Banting, S. S. Bulmer, M. Carley, & C. H. Weiss (Eds.), Social science and social policy(pp. 180-204). London: Allen & Unwin.
5.
Burnette, D.
(1997). Grandparents raising grandchildren in the inner city. Families in Society, 489-501.
6.
Burton, L. M.
,& Dilworth-Anderson, P. (1991). The intergenerational roles of aged Black Americans. Marriage and Family Review, 16(3-4), 311-330.
7.
Cohen, M. Z.
, & Omery, A. (1994). Schools of phenomenological methods. In J. M. Morse (Ed.), Critical issues in qualitative research methods(pp. 135-156). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
8.
Creswell, J. H.
(1994). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9.
Dressel, P. L.
, & Barnhill, S. K. (1994). Reframing gerontological thought and practice: The case of grandmothers with daughters in prison. The Gerontologist, 34, 685-691.
10.
Dubowitz, H.
, Tepper, V., Feigelman, S., Sawyer, R., & Davidson, N. (1990). The physical and mental health and education status of children placed with relatives: Final report. Baltimore: Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland at Baltimore.
11.
Gleeson, J.
(1995) Kinship care and public child welfare: Challenges and opportunities for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 31, 182-193.
12.
Goerge, R. M.
, Wulczyn, F., & Harden, A. W. (1994). Foster care dynamics 1983-1992: California, Illinois, Michigan, New York and Texas. Chicago: Chaplin Hall Center for Children at the University of Chicago.
13.
Hill, R.
(1972). The strength of Black families. New York: Emerson Hall.
14.
hooks, b.
(1989). Talking back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press.
15.
Karp, N.
(1993). Kinship care: The legal problems of grandparent and other relative care givers. Clearinghouse Review, 27, 585-586.
16.
LeProhn, N. S.
(1994). The role of the kinship foster parent: A comparison of the role conceptions of relative and non-relative foster parents. Children and Youth Services Review, 16, 65-84.
17.
Miles, M. B.
, & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
18.
Minkler, M.
,& Roe, K. M. (1993). Grandmothers as caregivers: Raising children of the crack cocaine epidemic. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
19.
National Commission on Family Foster Care
. (1991). The significance of kinship care. In A blueprint for fostering infants, children, and youth in the 1990s (pp. 89-107). Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America.
20.
Ruddock, R.
(1969). Roles and relationships. London: Routledge Kegan Paul.
21.
Ruggiero, C. (1984). Feminist identity formation and ethnicity: Dislocation among Hispanic American, Italian American, and white Anglo-Saxon Protestant women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
22.
Scannapieco, M.
, & Hegar, R. L. (1994). Kinship care: Two case management models. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 11, 315-324.
23.
Stack, C.
(1974). All our kin: Strategies for survival in a Black community. New York: Harper & Row.
24.
Sudarkasa, N.
(1981). Interpreting the African heritage in Afro-American family organization. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families(pp. 37-53). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
25.
Taska, M. (1993). Kinship care and family preservation: A guide for states in legal and policy development. Unpublished manuscript, ABA Center on Children and the Law, Washington, DC.
26.
Wilson, M. N.
(1989). Child development in the context of the Black extended family. American Psychologist, 44, 380-385.
27.
Yegidis, B. L.
, & Weinback, R. W. (1991). Research methods for social workers. New York: Longman.
