The behavior of men and women in groups changes as a result of the sex composition of the groups, according to a summary review of research. Therefore, implementation of specific interventions and the manipulation of sex-group composition can enhance a group's functioning and goals and minimize negative effects on individual members.
References
1.
Aries, E. "Interaction Patterns and Themes of Male, Female, and Mixed Groups ." Small Group Behavior, 7 (February 1976), pp. 7-18.
2.
Arkava, M., and Brennen, E. C., eds. Competency Based Education for Social Work: Evaluation and Curriculum Issues. New York: Council on Social Work Education, 1976.
3.
Bradley, P.A. "Sex, Competence and Opinion Deviation: An Expectation States Approach ." Communication Monographs, 47 (June 1980), pp. 101-110.
4.
Carlock, C.J., and Martin, P.Y. "Sex Composition and Intensive Group Experience." Social Work, 22 (January 1977), pp. 27-32.
5.
Eskilson, A., and Wiley, M.G. "Sex Composition and Leadership in Small Groups." Sociometry, 39 (Summer 1976), pp. 183-194.
6.
Frank, H.H., and Katcher, A.H. "The Qualities of Leadership: How Male Medical Students Evaluate Their Female Peers." Human Relations, 30 (May 1977), pp. 403-416.
7.
Izraeli, D.H. "Sex Effects or Structural Effects? An Empirical Test of Kanter's Theory of Proportions." Social Forces, 62 (September 1983), pp. 153-165.
8.
Kanter, R.M. "Some Effects of Proportions on Group Life: Skewed Sex Ratios and Responses to Token Women." American Journal of Sociology, 82 (January 1977a), pp. 965—990.
9.
. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books, 1977b.
10.
Martin, P., and Shanahan, K. "Transcending the Effects of Sex Composition in Small Groups." Groupwork with Women/Groupwork with Men. New York: Haworth Press, 1983.
11.
Piliavin, J., and Martin, R. "The Effects of the Sex Composition of Groups on Style of Social Interactions ." Sex Roles, 4 (Fall 1978), pp. 218-296.
12.
Rice, R.W., Bender, L.R., and Vitters, A.C. "Leader Sex, Follower Attitudes toward Women, and Leadership Effectiveness: A Laboratory Experiment." Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 25 (February 1980), pp. 46-78.
13.
Ridgeway, C.L. "Status in Groups: The Importance of Motivation." American Sociological Review, 47 (February 1982), pp. 76-88.
14.
Ridgeway, C.L., and Jacobson, C.K. "Sources of Status and Influence in All-Female and Mixed-Sex Groups ." Sociological Quarterly, 18 (Summer 1977), pp. 413-425.
15.
Spangler, E., Gordon, M.A., and Pipkin, R. "Token Women: An Empirical Test of Kanter's Hypotheses." American Journal of Sociology, 84 (July 1978), pp. 160-170.
16.
Thune, E.S., Manderscheid, R.W., and Silbergeld, S. "Status of Sex Roles as Determinants of Interaction Patterns in Small Mixed-Sex Groups."' Journal of Social Psychology, 112 (October 1980), pp. 51-65.
