The stereotype of the bag lady sheltering in a bus station is an anachronism because older homeless women are largely invisible. Economic and social factors contribute to the growing number of older homeless women and the risk of their displacement. This article presents a study that developed a profile that reframes the stereotype to allow fruitful analyses of these women’s plight and need for services. The study found that mental health problems, low income, family disputes, and abuse or neglect by family members are the primary factors in homelessness.
References
1.
Administration on Aging.
(1999). Aprofile of older Americans. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
2.
Barusch, A. S.
(1994). Older women living in poverty: Private lives and public policies. New York: Springer.
3.
Burt, M. R.
(1992). Over the edge: The growth of homelessness in the 1980s. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
4.
Butler, S. S.
(1993). Listening to middle-aged homeless women talk about their lives. Affilia, 8, 388-409.
5.
Butler, S. S.
,& Weatherley, R. A. (1995). Poor women at midlife and categories of neglect. Social Work, 37, 510-516.
6.
Cohen, C. I.
(1999). Aging and homelessness. The Gerontologist, 39, 5-14.
7.
Cohen, C. I.
, Ramirez, M., Teresi, J., Gallagher, M.,& Sokolovsky, J. (1997). Predictors of becoming redomiciled among older homeless women. The Gerontologist, 37, 67-74.
8.
Cress, D. M.
, & Snow, D. A. (2000). The outcomes of homeless mobilization: The influence of organization, disruption, political mediation, and framing. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 1063-1095.
9.
Doolin, J.
(1985, March-April) America’s untouchables: The elderly homeless. Perspective on Aging, pp. 8-11.
10.
Hobbs, F. B.
, & Damon, B. L. (1996). 65+ in the US. Washington, DC: US. Bureau of the Census.
11.
Institute of Medicine.
(1988). Homelessness, health and human needs. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
12.
Keigher, S. M.
, Berman, R. H., & Greenblatt, S. T. (1991). The needs of older persons at risk of housing loss: Some conclusions and recommendations. Journal of Housing for the Elderly, 8, 127-143.
13.
Keigher, S. M.
,& Greenblatt, S. (1992). Housing emergencies and the etiology of homelessness among the urban elderly. The Gerontologist, 32, 457-465.
14.
Kutza, E. A.
,& Keigher, S. M. (1991). The elderly “new homeless”: An emerging population at risk. Social Work, 36, 288-293.
15.
Marin, M. V.
, & Vacha, E. F. (1994). Self-help strategies and resources among people at risk of homelessness: Empirical findings and social services policy. Social Work, 39, 649-657.
16.
Massachusetts Alliance for Housing and Shelter
. (1997). Homeless seniors seek shelter(Fact sheet). Boston: Author.
17.
National Coalition for the Homeless
. (1999a, February). Fact sheet #3: Who is homeless?Retrieved from http://nch.ari.net/who.html
18.
National Coalition for the Homeless
. (1999b, February). Fact sheet #15: Homelessness among elderly persons?Retrieved fromhttp://nch.ari.net/who.html
19.
Older Women’s League
. (2000). Older women and poverty. Washington, DC: Author.
20.
Rich, D. W.
(1995). Labels and social context. In D. W. Rich, T. A. Rich, & L. C. Mullins, (Eds.), Old and homeless—Double-jeopardy(pp. 1-5). Westport, CT: Auburn House.
21.
Snow, D. A.
, Anderson, L., & Koegel, P. (1994). Distorting tendencies in research on the homeless. American Behavioral Scientist, 37, 461-476.
22.
Social Security Administration
. (2000). Income of the population 55 for older. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
23.
Stoner, M.
(1997). Underserved and underrepresented. Journal of Law and Social Work, 7, 127-142.
24.
Sullivan, M. A.
(1991). The homeless older woman in context: Alienation, cutoff and reconnection. Journal of Women and Aging, 3(2), 3-24.
25.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
, Office of Policy Development and Research. (1998). Rental housing assistance—The crisis continues. 1997 report to Congress on worst case housing needs. Rockville, MD: Author.