This article critically reviews the literature on racism (White and internalized Black) in the heterosexual relationships of Black women. In addition,it assesses the relevance of this literature to Canadian Black women,identifies the research gaps on the subject,and maps out an empirical agenda for research on Black Canadian heterosexual relationships,pr emised on an integrated feminist,antiracist,and classbased analytical perspective.
References
1.
Anthias, F.
(1990). Race and class revisited: Conceptualizing race and racisms. Sociological Review, 38, 19-42.
2.
Arat-Koc, S.
(1992). Immigration policies, migrant domestic workers and the definition of citizenship in Canada. In V. Satzewich (Ed.), Deconstructing a nation: Immigration,multiculturalism and racism in ‘90s Canada(pp. 229-242). Halifax, Canada: Fernwood.
3.
Barbara, A.
(1991). Immigration et marriages mixtes au Canada [Immigration and mixed marriages in Canada]. Canadian Studies, 30, 31-55.
4.
Battershill, C.
(1992). Migrant doctors in a multicultural society: Policies, barriers, and equity. In V. Satzewich (Ed.), Deconstructing a nation: Immigration, multiculturalism and racism in ‘90s Canada(pp. 243-260). Halifax, Canada: Fernwood.
5.
Bolaria, B. S.
(1992). From immigrant settlers to migrant transients: Foreign professionals in Canada. In V. Satzewich (Ed.), Deconstructing a nation: Immigration,multiculturalism and racism in ‘90s Canada(pp. 211-227). Halifax, Canada: Fernwood.
6.
Bolaria, B. S.
, & Li, P. S. (Eds.). (1988). Racial oppression in Canada(2nd ed.). Toronto, Canada: Garamond Press.
7.
Boyd, M.
(1992). Gender, visible minority and immigrant earnings inequality: Reassessing an employment equity premise. In V. Satzewich (Ed.), Deconstructing a nation: Immigration,multiculturalism and racism in ‘90s Canada(pp. 279-321). Halifax, Canada: Fernwood.
8.
Brand, D.
(1993). Aworking paper on Black women in Toronto. In H. Bannerji (Ed.), Gender,race and class: Returning the gaze(pp. 220-242). Toronto, Canada: Sister Vision.
9.
Calliste, A.
(1989). Canada's immigration policy and domestics from the Caribbean: The second domestic scheme. Socialist Studies, 5, 133-165.
10.
Calliste, A.
(1993-1994). Race, gender and Canadian immigration policy. Journal of Canadian Studies, 28(4), 131-148.
11.
Calliste, A.
(1996a). Anti-racism organizing and resistance in nursing: African Canadian women. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 33, 361-390.
12.
Calliste, A.
(1996b). Black families in Canada: Exploring the interconnections of race, class, and gender. In M. Lynn (Ed.), Voices: Essays on Canadian families(pp. 243-269). Toronto, Canada: Nelson.
13.
Calliste, A.
, & Dei, G. (Eds.). (1996). Special issue on anti-racism [Special issue]. Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 33(3).
14.
Calliste, A.
, Dei, G.,& Belkhir, J. (1995). Canadian perspective on anti-racism: Intersection of race, gender, and class. Race, Gender and Class, 2(3), 5-10.
15.
Christensen, C. P.
, & Weifeld, M. (1993). The Black family in Canada: A preliminary exploration of family patterns and inequality. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 25(3), 26-44.
16.
Clarke, G. E.
(1997). The complex face of Black Canada. McGill News,Alumni Quarterly, 77(4), 26-29.
17.
Collins, P. H.
(1990). Black feminist thought: Knowledge,consciousness,and the politics of empowerment. London: Harper Collins.
18.
Creese, G.
(1992). The politics of refugees in Canada. In V. Satzewich (Ed.), Deconstructing a nation: Immigration,multiculturalism and racism in ‘90s Canada(pp. 123-143). Halifax, Canada: Fernwood.
19.
Dei, G. S.
(1995). Integrative anti-racism: Intersection of race, class, and gender. Race, Gender and Class, 2(3), 11-30.
20.
Dill, B. T.
(1995). Our mothers' grief: Racial ethnic women and the maintenance of families. In M. Andersen& P. Collins (Eds.), Race,class,and gender: An anthology(2nd ed., pp. 237-260). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
21.
Driedger, L.
(1996). Multi-ethnic Canada: Identities and inequalities. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
22.
Driedger, L.
,& Mezoff, R. (1981). Ethnic prejudice and discrimination in Winnipeg high schools. Canadian Journal of Sociology, 6, 1-17.
23.
Frankenberg, R.
(1993). White women,race matters: The social construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
24.
Golden, M.
(1983). Migrations of the heart. New York: Doubleday.
25.
Hall, R.
(1997). The color complex: The bleaching syndrome. In D. Kendall (Ed.), Race,class and gender in a diverse society(pp. 39-47). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
26.
Hall, S.
(1980). Race articulation and societies structured in dominance. In Sociological theories: Race and colonialism(pp. 305-345). Paris: UNESCO.
27.
Harris, V.
(1995). Prison of color. In J. Adleman & G. Enguidanos (Eds.), Racism in the lives of women(pp. 75-83). New York: Harrington Park Press.
28.
Henry, F.
(1994). The Caribbean diaspora in Toronto: Learning to live with racism. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
29.
Henry, F.
, Tator, C., Mattis, W.,& Rees, T. (1995). The colour of democracy: Racism in Canadian society. Toronto, Canada: Harcourt Brace Canada.
30.
hooks, b.
(1981). Ain't I a woman: Black women and feminism. Boston: South End Press.
31.
hooks, b.
(1992). Black looks. Race and representation. Toronto, Canada: Between the Lines.
32.
Hurtado, A.
(1989). Relating to privilege: Seduction and rejection in the subordination of White women and women of color. Signs, 14, 833-855.
33.
Hurtado, A.
(1996). The color of privilege: Three blasphemies on race and feminism. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
34.
Jakubowski, L. M.
(1997). Immigration and the legalization of racism. Halifax, Canada: Fernwood.
35.
Kalmijn, M.
(1993). Trends in Black/White intermarriage. Social Forces, 72, 119-146.
36.
Kelly, J.
(1998). Under the gaze: Learning to be Black in White society. Halifax, Canada: Fernwood.
37.
Lee See, L.
(1989). Tensions between Black women and White women: A study. Affilia, 4(2), 31-45.
38.
Lees, S.
(1986). Sex, race and culture: Feminism and the limits of cultural pluralism. Feminist Review, 22, 92-101.
39.
Li, P. S.
(1992). The economics of brain drain: Recruitment of skilled labour to Canada, 1954-1986. In V. Satzewich (Ed.), Deconstructing a nation: Immigration,multiculturalism and racism in ‘90s Canada(pp. 145-162). Halifax, Canada: Fernwood.
40.
Lorde, A.
(1979). Feminism and Black liberation: The great American disease. The Black Scholar, 10(9), 17-20.
41.
Megyrey, K.
(1991). Minorites visible,communautes ethnoculturelles et politique canadienne: La question de l’ accessibilite[Visible minorities, ethnocultural communities and Canadian policies: The question of access]. Toronto, Canada: Dundurn Press.
42.
Mirza, H. S.
(1992). Redefining Black womanhood: Young female and Black. London: Routledge.
43.
Morrison, T.
(1987). Beloved. New York: Random House.
44.
Nain, G. T.
(1991). Black women, sexism, and racism: Black or anti-racist feminism?Feminist Review, 37, 1-21.
45.
Ng, R.
(1988). The politics of community services. Toronto, Canada: Garamond Press.
46.
Noivo, E.
(1997). Inside ethnic families: Three generations of Portuguese-Canadians. Montreal, Canada: McGill University Press.
47.
Noivo, E.
(1998). Neither “ethnic heroes” nor “racial villains”: Inter-minority group racism. In V. Satzewich (Ed.), Racism and social inequality in Canada(pp. 223-241). Toronto, Canada: Thompson.
48.
Omi, M.
, & Winant, H. (1986). Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s. New York: Routledge.
49.
Porter, M.
, & Bronzaft, A. (1995). Do the future plans of educated Black women include Black mates?Journal of Negro Education, 64, 162-170.
50.
Ralston, H.
(1988). Ethnicity, class and gender among South Asian women in Metro Halifax: Anexploratory study. Canadian Ethnic Studies, 20(3), 63-83.
51.
Ralston, H.
(1992). Religion in the life of South Asian immigrant women in Atlantic Canada. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 4, 245-260.
52.
Razack, S.
(1996). Beyond universal women: Reflections on theorizing differences among women. UNB Law Journal, 45, 209-227.
53.
Rosenblatt, P. C.
, Karris, T. A.,& Powell, R. D. (1995). Multiracial couples: Black and White voices. London: Sage.
54.
Russell, K.
, Wilson, M., & Hall, R. (1993). The color complex: The Politics of skin color among African Americans. New York: Anchor.
55.
Sarsfield, M.
(1997). No crystal stair. Norval, Canada: Moulin.
56.
Satzewich, V.
(1990). The political economy of race and ethnicity. In P. S. Li (Ed.), Race and ethnic relations in Canada(pp. 251-268). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
57.
Sharpley-Whiting, T. D.
(1995). [White] ladyhood and [Black] womanhood revisited: Legitimacy, violence, and Black women. The Black Scholar, 25(4), 42-43.
58.
Smith, D.
(1987). The everyday world as problematic: A sociology from the standpoint of women. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
59.
Spelman, E.
(1988). Gender and race: The ampersand problem in feminist thought. In E. Spelman (Ed.), Inessential woman(pp. 114-132). Boston: Beacon.
60.
Staples, R.
(1978). The Black woman in America: Sex,marriage and the family. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
61.
Staples, R.
(1990-1991). Social inequality and Black sexual pathology: The essential relationship. The Black Scholar, 21(3), 29-37.
62.
Stasiulis, D. K.
(1990). Theorizing connections: Gender, race, ethnicity and class. In P. S. Li (Ed.), Race and ethnic relations in Canada(pp. 269-305). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
63.
Taboada-Leonetti, I. (1983). Le role des femmes migrantes dans le maintien ou la destructuration des cultures nationales du groupe migrant [The role of migrant women in the maintenance or the destructuration of the national cultures of migrant groups]. Etudes—Migrations, 20, 214-221.
64.
Tastsoglou, E.
(1997). Immigrant women and the social construction of ethnicity: Three generations of Greek immigrant women in Ontario. In V. Demos & M. T. Segal (Eds.), Advances in gender research(Vol. 2, pp. 227-254). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
65.
Thornhill, E.
(1989). Focus on Black women! Race, class, gender: Bonds and barriers. Socialist Studies, 5, 26-36.
66.
Tizard, B.
, & Phoenix, A. (1993). Black,White or mixed race? Race and racism in the lives of young people of mixed parentage. London: Routledge.
67.
Torczyner, J.
(1997). Diversity,mobility and change: The dynamics of Black communities in Canada. Montreal, Canada: McGill Consortium for Ethnicity and Strategic Social Planning.
68.
Wallace, M.
(1991). Black macho and the myth of super woman. London: Verso.
69.
Warburton, R.
(1992). Neglected aspects of the political economy of Asian racialization in British Columbia. In V. Satzewich (Ed.), Deconstructing a nation: Immigration,multiculturalism and racism in ‘90s Canada(pp. 343-350). Halifax, Canada: Fernwood.
70.
White, D. G.
(1985). Ar'n't I a woman?New York: Norton.
71.
Wong, L. L.
, & Netting, N. S. (1992). Business immigration to Canada: Social impact and racism. In V. Satzewich (Ed.), Deconstructing a nation: Immigration,multiculturalism and racism in ‘90s Canada(pp. 93-121). Halifax, Canada: Fernwood.
72.
Yuval-Davis, N.
(1993). Gender and nation. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16, 621-632.