During the past two decades, empowerment theory has gained popularity as a way to develop social policy reforms, programs, and practices related to oppressed and disenfranchised populations. This article applies the principles of empowerment practice to address the needs of battered women, and it discusses the implications for social work practice.
References
1.
Bandura, A.
(1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122-147.
2.
Bookman, A.
, & Morgen, S. (Eds.). (1988). Women and the politics of empowerment. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
3.
Brenton, M.
(1994). On the meaning of empowerment and empowermentoriented social work practice. Social Work With Groups, 17, 23-37.
4.
Bricker-Jenkins, M.
(1994). Teaching empowerment practice: A model curriculu. In L. M. Gutierrez & P. Nurius (Eds.), Education and research for empowerment practice(pp. 97-114). Seattle: Center for Policy and Practice Research, University of Washington.
5.
Bureau of Justice Statistics
. (1995, August). Violence against women: Estimates from the redesigned National Crime Victimization Survey[Online]. Available at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub
6.
Carlson, B.
(1990). Domestic violenc. In A. Gitterman (Ed.), Handbook of social work practice with vulnerable populations(pp. 471-502). New York: Columbia University Press.
7.
Davis, L. V.
, & Srinivasan, M. (1995). Listening to the voices of battered women: What helps them escape the violence. Affilia, 10, 49-69.
8.
Evans, E. N.
(1992). Liberation theology, empowerment theory and social work practice with the oppressed. International Social Work, 35, 135-147.
9.
Gitterman, A.
(1994). Editor's not. In B. L. Simon (Ed.), The empowerment tradition in American social work: A history(pp. x-xv). New York: Columbia University Press.
10.
GlenMaye, L.
(1998). Empowerment of women. In L. M. Gutierrez, R. J. Parsons, & E. O. Cox (Eds.), Empowerment in social work practice: A sourcebook(pp. 29-50). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
11.
Gutierrez, L. M.
, DeLois, K., & GlenMaye, L. (1995). Understanding empowerment practice: Building on practitioner-based knowledge. Families in Society, 76, 534-542.
12.
Gutierrez, L. M.
, GlenMaye, L., & DeLois, K. (1995). The organizational context of empowerment practice: Implications for social work administration. Social Work, 40, 249-257.
13.
Gutierrez, L. M.
,& Nurius, P. (Eds.). (1994). Education and research for empowerment practice. Seattle: Center for Policy and Practice Research, University of Washington.
14.
Gutierrez, L. M.
, Parsons, R. J., & Cox, E. O. (Eds.). (1998). Empowerment in social work practice: A sourcebook. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
15.
Hall, C. M.
(1992). Women and empowerment. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
16.
Hasenfeld, Y.
(1987). Power in social work practice. Social Service Review, 61, 469-483.
17.
Henderson, A. D.
(1992). What critical care nurses need toknowabout abused women. Critical Care Nurse, 12, 27-30.
18.
Hilton, N. Z.
(Ed.). (1993). Legal responses to wife assault: Current trends and evaluation. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
19.
Hooyman, N. R.
(1994). Diversity and populations at risk: Women. In F. G. Reamer (Ed.), The foundations of social work knowledge(pp. 309-345). New York: Columbia University Press.
20.
Lum, D.
(1996). Social work practice and people of color(3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
21.
McGuire, L. E.
(1994). The division of housing project: Opportunity for empowerment practice with public housing residents. In L. M. Gutierrez & P. Nurius (Eds.), Education and research for empowerment practice(pp. 149-158). Seattle: Center for Policy and Practice Research, University of Washington.
22.
Mechanic, M.
(1995). Battered women, homicide, and the legal system. In A. Roberts (Ed.), Battered women: New perspectives and remedies. New York: Oxford University Press.
23.
Ortiz, L.P.A.
(1994). Bridging cause and function: A troubles based social action model. In L. M. Gutierrez & P. Nurius (Eds.), Education and research for empowerment practice(pp. 115-136). Seattle: Center for Policy and Practice Research, University of Washington.
24.
Parsons, R.
(1991). Empowerment: Purpose and practice principle in social work. Social Work With Groups, 14, 7-21.
25.
Parsons, R.
(1998). Evaluation of empowerment practice. In L. M. Gutierrez, R. J. Parsons,& E. O. Cox (Eds.), Empowerment in social work practice: Asourcebook(pp. 204-218). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
26.
Parsons, R.
, Gutierrez, L. M., & Cox, E. O. (1998). A model for empowerment practice. In L. M. Gutierrez, R. J. Parsons,& E. O. Cox (Eds.), Empowerment in social work practice: A sourcebook(pp. 3-4). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
27.
Pinderhughes, E.
(1983). Empowerment for our clients and for ourselves. Social Casework, 64, 331-338.
28.
Rappaport, J.
(1987). Terms of empowerment/exemplars of prevention: Toward a theory for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 15, 121-144.
29.
Roche, S.
, & Sadoski, P. (1996). Social action for battered wome. In A. Roberts (Ed.), Helping battered women: New perspectives and remedies(pp. 13-30). New York: Oxford University Press.
30.
Rose, S. M.
(1990). Advocacy/empowerment: An approach to clinical practice for social work. Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare, 17, 41-51.
31.
Salber, P.
, & Taliaferro, E. (1994). The physicians guide to domestic violence. Volcano, CA: Volcano Press.
32.
Seligman, M.F.P.
(1975). Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
33.
Simon, B. L.
(1990). Rethinking empowerment. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 1, 27-39.
34.
Simon, B. L.
(1994). The empowerment tradition in American social work: Ahistory. New York: Columbia University Press.
35.
Solomon, B. B.
(1976). Black empowerment: Social work in oppressed communities. New York: Columbia University Press.
36.
Solomon, B. B.
(1983). How do we really empower families? New strategies for social work practitioners. Family Resource Coalition, 4, 2-3.
37.
Staples, L.
(1990). Powerful ideas about empowerment. Administration in Social Work, 14, 29-42.
38.
Stout, K.
, & McPhail, B. (1998). Confronting sexism and violence against women: A challenge for social work. New York: Addison Wesley Longman.
39.
Tilden, V.
(1989). Response of the health care delivery system to battered women. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 10, 309-320.
40.
Tutty, L.
(1996). Post-shelter services: The efficacy of follow-up programs for abused women. Research on Social Work Practice, 6, 425-441.
41.
U.S. Department of Justice, Violence Against Women Office
. (1997, February). Violence Against Women Act[Online]. Available at: http://www.usdoj.gov/vawo/vawafct.htm
42.
Walker, L.
(1979). The battered woman. New York: Harper & Row.
43.
Walker, L.
(1994). Abused women and survivor therapy. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
44.
Wood, G. G.
, & Middleman, R. R. (1992). Groups to empower battered women. Affilia, 7, 82-95.
