Many people poised to move through housing choice voucher programs cite violence as a primary factor in their decision-making. This study synthesizes a body of qualitative data to explore how participants recount their experiences with neighborhood violence and analyzes its relationship to residential decision-making. We find that while participants expressed a desire to move to improve their circumstances, they also recounted how neighborhood violence constrained choice by influencing a multitude of factors in the decision-making process. This shows the stress neighborhood violence places on households and how neighborhood factors constrain housing choice.
AlbaR. D.LoganJ. R.1993. “Minority Proximity to Whites in Suburbs: An Individual-level Analysis of Segregation.” American Journal of Sociology98 (6): 1388–427.
2.
AndersenH. S.2008. “Why Do Residents Want to Leave Deprived Neighbourhoods? The Importance of Residents’ Subjective Evaluations of Their Neighbourhood and Its Reputation.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment23 (2): 79–101.
3.
AndreescuG.WeberR.1995. “Nationalism and Its Impact upon the Rule of Law in Romania.” International Studies1:49–64.
4.
BasoloV.NguyenM.2005. “Does Mobility Matter? The Neighborhood Conditions of Housing Voucher Holders by Race and Ethnicity.” Housing Policy Debate18 (3/4): 297–324.
5.
BellD. C.2008. Constructing Social Theory. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
6.
BowenN. K.BowenG. L.1999. “Effects of Crime and Violence in Neighborhoods and Schools on the School Behavior and Performance of Adolescents.” Journal of Adolescent Research14 (3): 319–42.
7.
BriggsX. S.ComeyJ.WeismannG.2010. “Struggling to Stay Out of High-poverty Neighborhoods: Housing Choice and Locations in Moving to Opportunity’s First Decade.” Housing Policy Debate20 (3): 383–427.
8.
BriggsX. D. S.TurnerM. A.2006. “Assisted Housing Mobility and the Success of Low-income Minority Families: Lessons for Policy, Practice, and Future Research.” Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy1:25–61.
9.
BriggsX. S.WilsonW. J.2005. The Geography of Opportunity: Race and Housing Choice in Metropolitan America. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
10.
BrooksF.ZugazagaC.WolkJ.AdamsM. A.2005. “Resident Perceptions of Housing, Neighborhood, and Economic Conditions after Relocation from Public Housing Undergoing HOPE VI Redevelopment.” Research on Social Work Practice15 (6): 481–90.
11.
BruchE. E.MareR. D.2006. “Neighborhood Choice and Neighborhood Change.” American Journal of Sociology112 (3): 667–709.
12.
Burdick-WillJuliaJensLudwigStephenRaudenbushRobertSampsonLisaSan-bonmatsuPatrickSharkey. 2011. “Converging Evidence for Neighborhood Effects on Children’s Test Scores: An Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Ob-servational Comparison.” In Whither Opportunity? Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances, edited by GregDuncanRichardMurnane. 255–76. New York: Sage.
13.
BuronL.PatrabanshS.2008. “Are Census Variables Highly Correlated with Housing Choice Voucher Holders’ Perception of the Quality of their Neighborhoods?” Cityscape10:157–83.
14.
CharlesC. Z.2003. “The Dynamics of Racial Residential Segregation.” Annual Review of Sociology29:167–207.
15.
ChettyR.HendrenN.KatzL. F.2015. “The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment (No. w21156).” National Bureau of Economic Research.
16.
ClarkW. A. V., 2005. “Intervening in the Residential Mobility Process: Neighborhood Outcomes for Low-income Populations.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences102 (43): 15307–12.
17.
ClarkW. A. V.DeurlooM. C.DielemanF. M.2003. “Housing Careers in the United States, 1968-93: Modelling the Sequencing of Housing States.” Urban Studies40 (1): 143–60.
18.
ClarkW. A. V.DielemanF. M.1996. Households and Housing: Choice and Outcomes in the Housing Market. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
19.
ClarkW. A. V.OnakaJ. L.1983. “Life Cycle and Housing Adjustment as Explanations of Residential Mobility.” Urban Studies20 (1): 47–57.
20.
Clampet-LundquistS.MasseyD. S.2008. “Neighborhood Effects on Economic Self-sufficiency: A Reconsideration of the Moving to Opportunity Experiment 1.” American Journal of Sociology114 (1): 107–43.
21.
ClementeF.KleimanM. B.1977. “Fear of Crime in the United States: A Multivariate Analysis.” Social Forces56 (2): 519–31.
22.
ConklinJ. E.1971. “Dimensions of Community Response to the Crime Problem.” Social Problems18 (3): 373–85.
23.
CoulterR.van HamM.FindlayA. M.2015. “Re-thinking Residential Mobility Linking Lives through Time and Space.” Progress in Human Geography40 (3): 352–74.
24.
CrumpJ.2002. “Deconcentration by Demolition: Public Housing, Poverty, and Urban Policy.” Environment and Planning D20 (5): 581–96.
25.
DarrahJ.DeLucaS.2014. ““Living Here has Changed My Whole Perspective”: How Escaping Inner-city Poverty Shapes Neighborhood and Housing Choice.” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management33 (2): 350–84.
26.
de Souza BriggsX.PopkinS. J.GoeringJ.2010. Moving to Opportunity: The Story of an American Experiment to Fight Ghetto Poverty. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
27.
DeLucaS.DuncanG. J.KeelsM.MendenhallR.2012. “The Notable and the Null: Using Mixed Methods to Understand the Diverse Impacts of Residential Mobility Programs.” In Neighbourhood Effects Research: New Perspectives, edited by van HamM.ManleyD.BaileyN.SimpsonL.MaclennanD., 195–223. the Netherlands: Springer.
28.
DeLucaS.RosenblattP.2010. “Does Moving to Better Neighborhoods Lead to Better Schooling Opportunities? Parental School Choice in an Experimental Housing Voucher Program.” The Teachers College Record112 (5): 7–8.
29.
DesmondM.2012. “Eviction and the Reproduction of Urban Poverty.” American Journal of Sociology118 (1): 88–133.
30.
DuganL.1999. “The Effect of Criminal Victimization on a Household’s Moving Decision.” Criminology37 (4): 903–30.
31.
DuncanG.2008. New Lessons from Gautreaux and Moving to Opportunity Residential Mobility Programs. Irvine, CA: University of California.
32.
Ingrid Gould Ellen and Margery Austin Turner. 1997. “Does neighborhood matter? Assessing recent evidence.” Housing Policy Debate8 (4): 833–866.
33.
EmersonM. O.ChaiK. J.YanceyG.2001. “Does Race Matter in Residential Segregation? Exploring the Preferences of White Americans.” American Sociological Review66 (6): 922–35.
34.
FarleyR.1991. “Residential Segregation of Social and Economic Groups among Blacks, 1970–80.” In The Urban Underclass, edited by JencksC.PetersonP. E., Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
35.
FischerC. S.2002. “Ever-more Rooted Americans.” City & Community1 (2): 177–98.
36.
FitchenJ. M.1992. “On the Edge of Homelessness: Rural Poverty and Housing Insecurity.” Rural Sociology57 (2): 173–93.
37.
GalsterG.2003. “Investigating Behavioural Impacts of Poor Neighbourhoods: Towards New Data and Analytic Strategies.” Housing Studies18 (6): 893–914.
38.
GalsterG.2017. “People versus Place, People and Place, or More? New Directions for Housing Policy.” Housing Policy Debate27 (2): 261–265.
39.
GalsterG. C.KillenS. P.1995. “The Geography of Metropolitan Opportunity: A Reconnaissance and Conceptual Framework.” Housing Policy Debate6 (1): 7–43.
40.
GalvezM. M.2010. Getting Past “No”: Housing Choice Voucher Holders’ Experiences with Discrimination and Search Costs. Washington, DC: Poverty and Race Research Action Council.
41.
GalvezM. M.2010. “What Do We Know about Housing Choice Voucher Program Location Outcomes? A Review of Recent Literature.” Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
42.
GarbarinoJ.DubrowN.KostelnyK.PardoC.1992. Children in Danger: Coping with the Consequences of Community Violence. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
43.
GarofaloJ.1979. “Victimization and the Fear of Crime.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency16 (1): 80–97.
44.
GoeringJ.FeinsJ. D.RichardsonT. M.2002. “A Cross-site Analysis of Initial Moving to Opportunity Demonstration Results.” Journal of Housing Research13 (1): 1–30.
GravesE.2015. “Rooms for Improvement: A Qualitative Metasynthesis of the Housing Choice Voucher Program.” Housing Policy Debate1–16.
47.
HanrattyM.McLanahanS.1998B. Pettit.. “The Impact of the Los Angeles Moving to Opportunity Program on Residential Mobility, Neighborhood Characteristics, and Early Child and Parent Outcomes.” Unpublished paper, Princeton University.
48.
RubinowitzL. S.RosenbaumJ. E.2000. Crossing the class and color lines: From public housing to white suburbia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
49.
HardemanR. R.MedinaE. M.KozhimannilK. B.2016. “Structural Racism and Supporting Black Lives—The Role of Health Professionals.” New England Journal of Medicine375 (22): 2113–15.
50.
HardingD. J.2003. “Counterfactual Models of Neighborhood Effects: The Effect of Neighborhood Poverty on Dropping Out and Teenage Pregnancy.” American Journal of Sociology109 (3): 676–719.
51.
HippJ. R.TitaG. E.GreenbaumR. T.2009. “Drive-bys and Trade-ups: Examining the Directionality of the Crime and Residential Instability Relationship.” Social Forces87 (4): 1778–812.
52.
HippJohn J. R.YatesDaniel D. K.2011. “Ghettos, Thresholds, and Crime: Does Concentrated Poverty Really Have an Accelerating Increasing Effect on Crime?” Criminology49 (4): 955–90.
53.
IhlanfeldtK. R.1999. “The Geography of Economic and Social Opportunity in Metropolitan Areas.” In Governance and Opportunity in Metropolitan America, edited by AltshulerA.MorrillW.WolmanH.MitchellF., 213–52. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
54.
KatzL. F.KlingJ. R.LiebmanJ. B.2000. Moving to Opportunity in Boston: Early Results of a Randomized Mobility Experiment (No. w7973). National Bureau of Economic Research.
55.
KearnsR. A.SmithC. J.1994. “Housing, Homelessness, and Mental Health: Mapping an Agenda for Geographical Inquiry.” The Professional Geographer46 (4): 418–24.
56.
KlingJ. R.LiebmanJ. B.KatzL. F.2005. “Bullets Don’t Got No Name: Consequences of Fear in the Ghetto.” Discovering Successful Pathways in Children’s Development: Mixed Methods in the Study of Childhood and Family Life, 243–81.
KrysanM.BaderM. D.2009. “Racial Blind Spots: Black-white-Latino Differences in Community Knowledge.” Social Problems56 (4): 677–701.
59.
KrysanM.FarleyR.2002. “The Residential Preferences of Blacks: Do They Explain Persistent Segregation?” Social Forces80 (3): 937–80.
60.
KuluH.MilewskiN.2008. “Family Change and Migration in the Life Course: An Introduction.” Demographic Research17:567–90.
61.
LaGrangeR. L.FerraroK. F.1989. “Assessing Age and Gender Differences in Perceived Risk and Fear of Crime.” Criminology27 (4): 697–720.
62.
LawlerE. E.1973. Motivation in Work Organizations. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
63.
LensMichael M. C.EllenIngrid I. Gould G.O’ReganKatherine K.2011. “Neighborhood Crime Exposure among Housing Choice Voucher Households.” Prepared for U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Policy Development and Research.
64.
LeventhalT.Brooks-GunnJ.2003. “Moving to Opportunity: An Experimental Study of Neighborhood Effects on Mental Health.” American Journal of Public Health93 (9): 1576–82.
65.
LoganJ.2003. “Life and Death in the City: Neighborhoods in Context.” Contexts2 (2): 33–40.
66.
LudwigJ.DuncanG. J.GennetianL. A.KatzL. F.KesslerR. C.KlingJ. R.SanbonmatsuL.2013. “Long-term Neighborhood Effects on Low-income Families: Evidence from Moving to Opportunity (No. w18772).” National Bureau of Economic Research.
MaslowA. H.1970. Motivation and Personality, 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Row.
69.
MasseyD. S.DentonN. A.1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
70.
MatthewsM.Jr. 1998. “Vouchers Come Home.” Policy Review92:7–8.
71.
McAuleyW. J.NuttyC. L.1982. “Residential Preferences and Moving Behavior: A Family Life-cycle Analysis.” Journal of Marriage and the Family44 (2): 301–09.
72.
McClureKirk. 2008. “Deconcentrating Poverty with Housing Programs.” Journal of the American Planning Association74 (1): 90–99.
73.
McIntyreJ.1967. “Public Attitudes toward Crime and Law Enforcement.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science374 (1): 34–46.
74.
McPhersonM.Smith-LovinL.CookJ. M.2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology27:415–44.
75.
MoellerG. L.1989. “Fear of Criminal Victimization: The Effect of Neighborhood Racial Composition.” Sociological Inquiry59 (2): 208–21.
76.
MorenoffJ. D.SampsonR. J.1997. “Violent Crime and the Spatial Dynamics of Neighborhood Transition: Chicago, 1970–1990.” Social Forces76 (1): 31–64.
77.
MorrisE. W.CrullS. R.WinterM.1976. “Housing Norms, Housing Satisfaction and the Propensity to Move.” Journal of Marriage and the Family38 (2): 309–20.
78.
NewmanS. J.DuncanG. J.1979. “Residential Problems, Dissatisfaction, and Mobility.” Journal of the American Planning Association45 (2): 154–66.
79.
NewmanS. J.OwenM. S.1982. “Residential Displacement: Extent, Nature, and Effects.” Journal of Social Issues38 (3): 135–48.
80.
OrrL.FeinsJ.JacobR.BeecroftE.SanbonmatsuL.KatzL. F.KlingJ. R.2003. Moving to Opportunity: Interim Impacts Evaluation.
81.
ParkerK. D.RayM. C.1990. “Fear of Crime: An Assessment of Related Factors.” Sociological Spectrum10 (1): 29–40.
82.
PashupJ.EdinK.DuncanG. J.BurkeK.2005. “Participation in a Residential Mobility Program from the Client’s Perspective: Findings from Gautreaux Two.” Housing Policy Debate16 (3/4): 361–92.
83.
PatersonB. L.2001. Meta-study of Qualitative Health Research: A Practical Guide to Meta-analysis and Meta-synthesis, Vol. 3. Sage.
84.
PebleyA. R.SastryN.2004. “Neighborhoods, Poverty, and Children’s Well-being.” Social Inequality119–45.
85.
PendallR.2000. “Why Voucher and Certificate Users Live in Distressed Neighborhoods.” Housing Policy Debate11 (4): 881–910.
86.
PopkinS. J.2006. “No Simple Solutions: Housing CHA’s most Vulnerable Families.” Northwestern Journal of Law & Social Policy1:148.
87.
PopkinS. J.2016. No Simple Solutions: Transforming Public Housing in Chicago. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.
88.
PopkinS. J.CoveE.2007. Safety is the Most Important Thing: How HOPE VI Helped Families. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, Metropolitan Housing and Communities Center.
89.
PopkinS. J.CunninghamM. K.2000. Searching for Rental Housing with Section 8 in Chicago. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
90.
PopkinS. J.LeventhalT.WeismannG.2008. Girls in the 'hood: the importance of feeling safe. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
91.
RainwaterL.1970. Behind Ghetto Walls. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.
92.
RosenE.2017. “Horizontal Immobility: How Narratives of Neighborhood Violence Shape Housing Decisions.” American Sociological Review82 (2): 270–96.
93.
RosenblattP.DeLucaS.2012. “We Don’t Live Outside, We Live in Here: Neighborhood and Residential Mobility Decisions among Low-income Families.” City & Community11 (3): 254–84.
94.
RossS. L.TurnerM. A.2005. “Housing Discrimination in Metropolitan America: Explaining Changes between 1989 and 2000.” Social Problems52 (2): 152–80.
95.
RossiP. H.1955. Why Families Move: A Study in the Social Psychology of Urban Residential Mobility. Glencoe: Free Press.
96.
RossiP. H.ShlayA. B.1982. “Residential Mobility and Public Policy Issues: “Why Families Move” Revisited.” Journal of Social Issues38 (3): 21–34.
97.
RubinowitzL. S.RosenbaumJ. E.2000. Crossing the Class and Color Lines: From Public Housing to White Suburbia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
98.
SampsonR. J.2008. “Moving to Inequality: Neighborhood Effects and Experiments Meet Structure.” AJS; American Journal of Sociology114 (11): 189–231.
99.
SampsonR. J.2012. Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect. University of Chicago Press.
100.
SampsonR. J.RaudenbushS. W.EarlsF.1997. “Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy.” Science277 (5328): 918–24.
101.
SanbonmatsuL.KlingJ. R.DuncanG. J.Brooks-GunnJ.2006. “Neighborhoods and Academic Achievement Results from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment.” Journal of Human Resources41 (4): 649–91.
102.
SantiagoC. D.WadsworthM. E.StumpJ.2011. “Socioeconomic Status, Neighborhood Disadvantage, and Poverty-related Stress: Prospective Effects on Psychological Syndromes among Diverse Low-income Families.” Journal of Economic Psychology32 (2): 218–30.
103.
SardB.CovenM.2006. Fixing the Housing Voucher Formula: A No-cost Way to Strengthen the Section 8 Program (November 1). Washington, DC: Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.
104.
SastryN.Ghosh-DastidarB.AdamsJ.PebleyA. R.2006. “The Design of a Multilevel Survey of Children, Families, and Communities: The Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey.” Social Science Research35 (4): 1000–24.
105.
SchachterJ.2004. Geographical Mobility, 2002-2003. Washington DC: US Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census.
106.
SchafftK. A.2006. “Poverty, Residential Mobility, and Student Transiency within a Rural New York School District.” Rural Sociology71 (2): 212–31.
107.
SchellingT. C.1971. “Dynamic Models of Segregation.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology1 (2): 143–86.
108.
ScottD. A.2012. “A Case Study of Anacostia: The Role of Housing Vouchers on the Local Housing Market.” Doctoral diss., University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
109.
SharkeyP.2012. “Residential Mobility and the Reproduction of Unequal Neighborhoods.” Cityscape9–31.
110.
SharkeyP. T.Tirado-StrayerN.PapachristosA. V.RaverC. C.2012. “The Effect of Local Violence on Children’s Attention and Impulse Control.” American Journal of Public Health102 (12): 2287–93.
111.
SkeltonI.2002. “Residential Mobility of Aboriginal Single Mothers in Winnipeg: An Exploratory Study of Chronic Moving.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment17 (2): 127–44.
112.
SkoganW. G.1987. “The Impact of Victimization on Fear.” Crime & Delinquency33 (1): 135–54.
113.
SkoganW. G.MaxfieldM. G.1981. Coping with Crime: Individual and Neighborhood Reactions, p. 272. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
114.
SmallM. L.FeldmanJ.2012. “Ethnographic Evidence, Heterogeneity, and Neighbourhood Effects after Moving to Opportunity.” In Neighbourhood Effects Research: New Perspectives, 57–77. the Netherlands: Springer.
115.
SmithR. E.2002. Housing Choice for HOPE VI Relocatees: Final Report. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
116.
SouthS. J.CrowderK. D.1998. “Leaving the Hood: Residential Mobility between Black, White, and Integrated Neighborhoods.” American Sociological Review17–26.
117.
SouthS. J.DeaneG. D.1993. “Race and Residential Mobility: Individual Determinants and Structural Constraints.” Social Forces72 (1): 147–67.
118.
SpeareA.1974. “Residential Satisfaction as an Intervening Variable in Residential Mobility.” Demography11 (2): 173–88.
StaffordM.ChandolaT.MarmotM.2007. “Association between Fear of Crime and Mental Health and Physical Functioning.” American Journal of Public Health97 (11): 2076–81.
121.
Tam ChoW. K.GimpelJ. G.HuiI. S.2013. “Voter Migration and the Geographic Sorting of the American Electorate.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers103 (4): 856–70.
122.
TeaterB. J.2011. “A Qualitative Evaluation of the Section 8 Housing Choice Voucher Program: The Recipients’ Perspectives.” Qualitative Social Work10 (4): 503–19. doi:10.1177/1473325010371242.
123.
TiendaM.1991. “Poor People and Poor Places: Deciphering Neighborhood Effects on Poverty Outcomes.” In Macro-micro Linkages in Sociology, edited by HuberJ.244–62. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
124.
TurnerM. A.1998. “Moving Out of Poverty: Expanding Mobility and Choice through Tenant-based Housing Assistance.” Housing Policy Debate9 (2): 373–94.
125.
VaradyD. P.KleinhansR. J.2013. “Relocation Counselling and Supportive Services as Tools to Prevent Negative Spillover Effects: A Review.” Housing Studies28 (2): 317–37.
126.
VaradyD. P.WalkerC. C.2000. “Distressed Subsidized Developments: Does Moving Lead to Improvements in Housing and Neighborhood Conditions.” Housing Policy Debate11 (1): 115–62.
127.
VaradyD. P.WalkerC. C.2007. Neighborhood Choices: Section 8 Housing Vouchers and Residential Mobility. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research.
128.
VaradyD. P.WalkerC. C.WangX.2001. “Voucher Recipient Achievement of Improved Housing Conditions in the US: Do Moving Distance and Relocation Services Matter?” Urban Studies38 (8): 1273–304. doi:10.1080/00420980124918.
129.
WacquantL. J.WilsonW. J.1989. “The Cost of Racial and Class Exclusion in the Inner City.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science501 (1): 8–25.
130.
WahbaM. A.BridwellL. G.1973. “Maslow Reconsidered: A Review of Research on the Need Hierarchy Theory.” Proceedings of the Thirty-third Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management,1973, pp. 514–20, LawlerE. E.Motivation in Work Organizations. Brooks/Cole, Monterey, CA.
131.
WilsonW. J.1987. The truly disadvantaged Chicago. IL: University of Chicago.
132.
WilsonW. J.ChaddhaA.2009. “The Role of Theory in Ethnographic Research.” Ethnography10 (4): 549–64.
133.
WilsonR. E.MastB. D.2014. “Housing Choice Vouchers and Escaping Neighborhood Crime.” In Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 2363–71. New York: Springer.
WodtkeG. T.HardingD. J.ElwertF.2011. “Neighborhood Effects in Temporal Perspective the Impact of Long-term Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage on High School Graduation.” American Sociological Review76 (5): 713–36.
136.
WolpertJ.1965. “Behavioral Aspects of the Decision to Migrate.” Papers in Regional Science15 (1): 159–69.
137.
WoodM.TurnhamJ.MillsG.2008. “Housing Affordability and Family Well-being: Results from the Housing Voucher Evaluation.” Housing Policy Debate19 (2): 367–412.
138.
YingerJ.1995. Closed Doors, Opportunities Lost: The Continuing Costs of Housing Discrimination. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
139.
ZuberiA.2010. “Limited Exposure: Children’s Activities and Neighborhood Effects in the Gautreaux Two Housing Mobility Program.” Journal of Urban Affairs32 (4): 405–23.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
