Utility of plant-based materials in tissue engineering has exponentially increased over the years. Recent efforts in this area have been focused on substituting synthetic cross-linkers with natural ones derived from biological sources. These cross-linkers are essentially derived from the vegetative components of plants therefore suitably categorised as ‘green’ and renewable materials. Utilization of plant based cross-linkers in scaffolds and hydrogels offers several advantages compared to the synthetic ones. Natural compounds, like ferulic acid and genipin, when incorporated into scaffolds can promote cellular proliferation and growth, by regulation of growth factors. They participate in crucial activities, thus providing impetus for cell growth, function, differentiation and angiogenesis. Several natural compounds inherently possess anti-microbial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which enhance the inherent characteristics of the scaffolds. Versatility of natural cross-linkers can be exploited for diverse applications. Integrating such potent molecules can enable the scaffold to display relevant characteristics for each function. This review article focuses on the recent developments with plant based cross-linkers that are employed for scaffold synthesis and their applications, which may be explored to synthesize scaffolds suitable for diverse biomedical applications.
SundararaghavanHGMonteiroGALapinNA, et al.
Genipin-induced changes in collagen gels: correlation of mechanical properties to fluorescence. J Biomed Mater Res A2008;
87: 308–320.
10.
ChoiYKimH-JMinK-S.Effects of proanthocyanidin, a crosslinking agent, on physical and biological properties of collagen hydrogel scaffold. Restor Dent Endod2016;
41: 296.
11.
PinheiroACooleyALiaoJ, et al.
Comparison of natural crosslinking agents for the stabilization of xenogenic articular cartilage. J Orthop Res2016;
34: 1037–1046.
12.
FrantzCStewartKMWeaverVM.The extracellular matrix at a glance. J Cell Sci2010;
123: 4195–4200.
KusindartaDLWihadmadyatamiH.The role of extracellular matrix in tissue regeneration. Tissue Regeneration2018;
75728: 6.
15.
WeaverVMPetersenOWWangF, et al.
Reversion of the malignant phenotype of human breast cells in three-dimensional culture and in vivo by integrin blocking antibodies. J Cell Biol1997;
137: 231–245.
16.
VacantiJPMorseMASaltzmanWM, et al.
Selective cell transplantation using bioabsorbable artificial polymers as matrices. J Pediatr Surg1988;
23: 3–9.
17.
LohQLChoongC.Three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering applications: role of porosity and pore size. Tissue Eng Part B Rev2013;
19: 485–502.
18.
EltomAZhongGMuhammadA.Scaffold techniques and designs in tissue engineering functions and purposes: a review. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2019; 2019: Article ID 3429527. DOI: 10.1155/2019/3429527.
LannuttiJRenekerDMaT, et al.
Electrospinning for tissue engineering scaffolds. Mater Sci Eng C2007;
27: 504–509.
21.
LiuXMaPX.Phase separation, pore structure, and properties of nanofibrous gelatin scaffolds. Biomaterials2009;
30: 4094–4103.
22.
IndurkarABangdePGoreM, et al.
Fabrication of guar gum-gelatin scaffold for soft tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym Technol Appl2020;
1: 100006.
23.
LuTLiYChenT.Techniques for fabrication and construction of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine2013;
337
24.
IndurkarABangdePGoreM, et al.
Optimization of guar gum-gelatin bioink for 3D printing of mammalian cells. Bioprinting2020;
20: e00101.
25.
LeeJShinDRohJ-L.Development of an in vitro cell-sheet cancer model for chemotherapeutic screening. Theranostics2018;
8: 3964–3973.
26.
NapolitanoAPChaiPDeanDM, et al.
Dynamics of the self-assembly of complex cellular aggregates on micromolded nonadhesive hydrogels. Tissue Eng2007;
13: 2087–2094.
27.
Włodarczyk-BiegunMKFarbodKWertenMWT, et al.
Fibrous hydrogels for cell encapsulation: a modular and supramolecular approach. PLoS One2016;
11: e0155625.
28.
ParkJAYoonSKwonJ, et al.
Freeform micropatterning of living cells into cell culture medium using direct inkjet printing. Sci Rep2017;
7: 14610.
29.
DuYLoEAliS, et al.
Directed assembly of cell-laden microgels for fabrication of 3D tissue constructs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2008;
105: 9522–9527.
30.
RowlandCRLennonDPCaplanAI, et al.
The effects of crosslinking of scaffolds engineered from cartilage ECM on the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs. Biomaterials2013;
34: 5802–5812.
31.
MaitraJShuklaVK.Cross-linking in hydrogels – a review. Am J Polym Sci2014;
4: 25–31.
32.
ChuCDengJXiangL, et al.
Evaluation of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) cross-linked collagen membranes and concerns on osteoblasts. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl2016;
67: 386–394.
33.
ApteGRepanasAWillemsC, et al.
Effect of different crosslinking strategies on physical properties and biocompatibility of freestanding multilayer films made of alginate and chitosan. Macromol Biosci2019;
19: 1900181.
34.
ZhouHWangZCaoH, et al.
Genipin-crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol/silk fibroin/nano-hydroxyapatite hydrogel for fabrication of artificial cornea scaffolds – a novel approach to corneal tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed2019;
30: 1604–1619.
35.
El-SherbinyIMYacoubMH.Hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering: progress and challenges. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract2013;
2013: 38.
36.
HouZHuJLiJ, et al.
The in vitro enzymatic degradation of cross-linked poly(trimethylene carbonate) networks. Polymers (Basel)2017;
9: 605.
37.
LinFWangZChenJ, et al.
A bioinspired hydrogen bond crosslink strategy toward toughening ultrastrong and multifunctional nanocomposite hydrogels. J Mater Chem B2020;
8: 4002–4015.
38.
SchmidMPrinzTKMüllerK, et al.
UV radiation induced cross-linking of whey protein isolate-based films. Int J Polym Sci2017;
2017: 1–6.
39.
WangXKlugeJALeiskGG, et al.
Sonication-induced gelation of silk fibroin for cell encapsulation. Biomaterials2008;
29: 1054–1064.
40.
LinYZhangHLiaoH, et al.
A physically crosslinked, self-healing hydrogel electrolyte for nano-wire PANI flexible supercapacitors. Chem Eng J2019;
367: 139–148.
41.
ScerriGJSpiteriJCMalliaCJ, et al.
A lab-on-a-molecule with an enhanced fluorescent readout on detection of three chemical species. Chem Commun (Camb)2019;
55: 4961–4964.
42.
ParhiR.Cross-Linked hydrogel for pharmaceutical applications: a review. Adv Pharm Bull2017;
7: 515–530.
43.
RussoRMalinconicoMSantagataG.Effect of cross-linking with calcium ions on the physical properties of alginate films. Biomacromolecules2007;
8: 3193–3197.
44.
NguyenTWatkinsKEKishoreV.Photochemically crosslinked cell‐laden methacrylated collagen hydrogels with high cell viability and functionality. J Biomed Mater Res Part Res2019;
107: 1541–1550.
45.
PrasertsungIDamrongsakkulSSaitoN.Crosslinking of a gelatin solutions induced by pulsed electrical discharges in solutions. Plasma Process Polym2013;
10: 792–797.
46.
GajariaTKBhattHKhandelwalA, et al.
A facile chemical cross-linking approach toward the fabrication of a sustainable porous ulvan scaffold. J Bioact Compat Polym2020;
35: 301–313.
47.
DoillonCJWatskyMAHakimM, et al.
A collagen-based scaffold for a tissue engineered human cornea: physical and physiological properties. Int J Artif Organs2003;
26: 764–773.
48.
VijayakumarVSubramanianK.Diisocyanate mediated polyether modified gelatin drug carrier for controlled release. Saudi Pharm J2014;
22: 43–51.
49.
RiveroRECapellaVCecilia LiaudatA, et al.
Mechanical and physicochemical behavior of a 3D hydrogel scaffold during cell growth and proliferation. RSC Adv2020;
10: 5827–5837.
50.
AhmadZShepherdJHShepherdDV, et al.
Effect of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide concentrations on the mechanical and biological characteristics of cross-linked collagen fibres for tendon repair. Regen Biomater2015;
2: 77–85.
51.
JarosDSchwarzenbolzURaakN, et al.
Cross-linking with microbial transglutaminase: relationship between polymerisation degree and stiffness of acid casein gels. Int Dairy J2014;
38: 174–178.
52.
JusSStachelISchloeglW, et al.
Cross-linking of collagen with laccases and tyrosinases. Mater Sci Eng C2011;
31: 1068–1077.
LuXXuYZhengC, et al.
Ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether as a protein cross-linker: a case study for cross-linking of hemoglobin. J Chem Technol Biotechnol2006;
81: 767–775.
55.
BroweDCMahonORDíaz‐PaynoPJ, et al.
Glyoxal cross‐linking of solubilized extracellular matrix to produce highly porous, elastic, and chondro‐permissive scaffolds for orthopedic tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res A2019;
107: 2222–2234.
56.
KhunmaneeSJeongYParkH.Crosslinking method of hyaluronic-based hydrogel for biomedical applications. J Tissue Eng January 2017;
8: 1–16.
57.
SpicerCD.Hydrogel scaffolds for tissue engineering: the importance of polymer choice. Polym Chem2020;
11: 184–219.
58.
YanLPWangYJRenL, et al.
Genipin-cross-linked collagen/chitosan biomimetic scaffolds for articular cartilage tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A2010;
95: 465–475. A:
59.
ChenRWangJBZhangXQ, et al.
Green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) induced intermolecular cross-linking of membrane proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys2011;
507: 343–349.
60.
CheungDTNimniME.Mechanism of crosslinking of proteins by glutaraldehyde I: reaction with model compounds. Connect Tissue Res1982;
10: 187–199.
61.
OryanAKamaliAMoshiriA, et al.
Chemical crosslinking of biopolymeric scaffolds: current knowledge and future directions of crosslinked engineered bone scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol2018;
107: 678–688.
62.
GoughJEScotchfordCADownesS.Cytotoxicity of glutaraldehyde crosslinked collagen/poly(vinyl alcohol) films is by the mechanism of apoptosis. J Biomed Mater Res2002;
61: 121–130.
63.
ZhuBLiWChiN, et al.
Optimization of glutaraldehyde vapor treatment for electrospun collagen/silk tissue engineering scaffolds. ACS Omega2017;
2: 2439–2450.
64.
EbnesajjadS.Handbook of biopolymers and biodegradable plastics: Properties, processing and applications.
Amsterdam:
Elsevier Inc., 2012.
65.
LeachJBWolinskyJBStonePJ, et al.
Crosslinked α-elastin biomaterials: towards a processable elastin mimetic scaffold. Acta Biomater2005;
1: 155–164.
66.
WachemPBvan BrouwerLAZeemanR, et al.
In vivo behavior of epoxy‐crosslinked porcine heart valve cusps and walls. J Biomed Mater Res2000;
53: 18–27.
67.
KumarALeeYKimD, et al.
Effect of crosslinking functionality on microstructure, mechanical properties, and in vitro cytocompatibility of cellulose nanocrystals reinforced poly (vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate hybrid scaffolds. Int J Biol Macromol2017;
95: 962–973.
68.
FischettiTCelikkinNContessi NegriniN, et al.
Tripolyphosphate-crosslinked chitosan/gelatin biocomposite ink for 3D printing of uniaxial scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol2020;
8: 400.
69.
SaaraiAKasparkovaVSedlacekT, et al. A comparative study of crosslinked sodium alginate/gelatin hydrogels for wound dressing, www.cps.utb.cz/ (accessed 12 July 2020).
70.
CapanemaNSVMansurAAPMansurHS, et al.
Eco-friendly and biocompatible cross-linked carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels as adsorbents for the removal of organic dye pollutants for environmental applications. Environ Technol2018;
39: 2856–2872.
71.
RaucciMGAlvarez-PerezMADemitriC, et al.
Effect of citric acid crosslinking cellulose-based hydrogels on osteogenic differentiation. J Biomed Mater Res A2015;
103: 2045–2056.
72.
KwonYSKimHJHwangYC, et al.
Effects of epigallocatechin gallate, an antibacterial cross-linking agent, on proliferation and differentiation of human dental pulp cells cultured in collagen scaffolds. J Endod2017;
43: 289–296.
73.
GaoLGanHMengZ, et al.
Effects of genipin cross-linking of chitosan hydrogels on cellular adhesion and viability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces2014;
117: 398–405.
RaoPVGanSH.Cinnamon: a multifaceted medicinal plant. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med2014;
2014: 642942.
76.
KwonYSLeeSHHwangYC, et al.
Behaviour of human dental pulp cells cultured in a collagen hydrogel scaffold cross-linked with cinnamaldehyde. Int Endod J2017;
50: 58–66.
Chu C, Deng J, Man Y, et al. Green tea extracts epigallocatechin-3-gallate for different treatments. Biomed Res Int 2017; 2017:5615647. Epub ahead of print 13 August 2017. DOI: 10.1155/2017/5615647.
79.
LiuHJiaoZGuoS.Effect of epigallocatechin gallate on the properties of gelatin. Int J Food Prop2014;
17: 2119–2130.
80.
HuangAHondaYLiP, et al.
Integration of epigallocatechin gallate in gelatin sponges attenuates matrix metalloproteinase-dependent degradation and increases bone formation. Int J Mol Sci2019;
20: 6042–6056.
81.
SungHWHuangRNHuangLH, et al.
In vitro evaluation of cytotoxicity of a naturally occurring cross-linking reagent for biological tissue fixation. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed1999;
10: 63–78.
82.
LienSMLiW, TeHuangTJ.Genipin-crosslinked gelatin scaffolds for articular cartilage tissue engineering with a novel crosslinking method. Mater Sci Eng C2008;
28: 36–43.
83.
MuzzarelliRAAEl MehtediMBottegoniC, et al.
Genipin-crosslinked chitosan gels and scaffolds for tissue engineering and regeneration of cartilage and bone. Mar Drugs2015;
13: 7314–7338.
84.
YanL-PWangY-JRenL, et al.
Genipin-cross-linked collagen/chitosan biomimetic scaffolds for articular cartilage tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2010; 95: 465–475. DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.32869.
85.
WuXWangYWuQ, et al.
Decellularized porcine liver scaffold for bioengineered hepatic. Tissue Eng Regen Med2015;
12: 417–426.
86.
Ilkar ErdagiSAsabuwa NgwabebhohFYildizU.Genipin crosslinked gelatin-diosgenin-nanocellulose hydrogels for potential wound dressing and healing applications. Int J Biol Macromol2020;
149: 651–663.
ParmarMS. Dicarboxylic acid. In: Wexler P (Ed.) Encyclopedia of toxicology. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2014, pp. 76–79.
89.
Moreno J and Peinado R. Carboxylic acids. In: Murray A and Patten I (Translators) Enological chemistry. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2012, pp. 109–120.
90.
MitraTSailakshmiGGnanamaniA, et al.
Adipic acid interaction enhances the mechanical and thermal stability of natural polymers. J Appl Polym Sci2012;
125: 490–500.
91.
GnanamaniASailakshmiGMitraT.Use of dicarboxylic acid (azelaic acid) to prepare carbohydrate and protein based scaffold biopolymer with improved mechanical and thermal property for biomedical applications. Trends Biomater Artif Organs2012;
26: 183–196.
92.
MitraTSailakshmiGGnanamaniA, et al.
Preparation and characterization of malonic acid cross-linked chitosan and collagen 3D scaffolds: an approach on non-covalent interactions. J Mater Sci Mater Med2012;
23: 1309–1321.
93.
MitraTSailakshmiGGnanamaniA, et al.
Di-carboxylic acid cross-linking interactions improves thermal stability and mechanical strength of reconstituted type i collagen : Part I. Oxalic acid. J Therm Anal Calorim2011;
105: 325–330.
94.
MitraTSailakshmiGGnanamaniA, et al.
Studies on cross-linking of succinic acid with chitosan/collagen. Mat Res2013;
16: 755–765.
95.
InoueMSasakiMTaguchiT.Biodegradable organic acid-crosslinked alkali-treated gelatins with anti-thrombogenic and endothelialization properties. Sci Technol Adv Mater2012;
13: 6.
96.
Masehi-LanoJJChungEJ. Engineering citric acid-based porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. In: Chawla K (Ed.) Methods in molecular biology. Totowa: Humana Press Inc., 2018, pp. 1–10.
97.
EsparzaYUllahABolukY, et al.
Preparation and characterization of thermally crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol)/feather keratin nanofiber scaffolds. Mater Des2017;
133: 1–9.
98.
MirabFEslamianMBagheriR.Fabrication and characterization of a starch-based nanocomposite scaffold with highly porous and gradient structure for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Phys Eng Express2018;
4: 055021.
99.
MaliKK. Citric acid crosslinked carboxymethyl cellulose-based composite hydrogel films for drug delivery, www.ijpsonline.com (accessed 27 June 2020).
100.
JiangQReddyNYangY.Cytocompatible cross-linking of electrospun zein fibers for the development of water-stable tissue engineering scaffolds. Acta Biomater2010;
6: 4042–4051.
101.
NatarajDReddyRReddyN.Crosslinking electrospun poly (vinyl) alcohol fibers with citric acid to impart aqueous stability for medical applications. Eur Polym J2020;
124: 109484.
102.
PandeyKBRizviSI.Plant polyphenols as dietary antioxidants in human health and disease. Oxid Med Cell Longev2009;
2: 270–278.
103.
CoryHPassarelliSSzetoJ, et al.
The role of polyphenols in human health and food systems: a Mini-Review. Front Nutr2018;
5: 87.
104.
Ferrer-GallegoRPérez-GregorioRHernández-HierroJM, et al.
Editorial polyphenols and food quality. Hindawi J Food Qual2017;
2017: 1–2.
105.
Tresserra-RimbauALamuela-RaventosRMMorenoJJ.Polyphenols, food and pharma. Current knowledge and directions for future research. Biochem Pharmacol2018;
156: 186–195.
106.
SinghAPKumarS. Applications of tannins in industry. In: Aires A (Ed.) Tannins – structural properties, biological properties and current knowledge. London: IntechOpen, 2020
107.
KumarCSSolomanAMThangamR, et al.
Ferulic acid-loaded collagen hydrolysate and polycaprolactone nanofibres for tissue engineering applications. IET Nanobiotechnology2020;
14: 202–209.
108.
WangJYuanZZhaoH, et al.
Ferulic acid promotes endothelial cells proliferation through up-regulating cyclin D1 and VEGF. J Ethnopharmacol2011;
137: 992–997.
109.
BiscaratJCharmetteCMasquelezN, et al.
Crosslinking of gelatin membranes with ferulic acid or glutaraldehyde: relationship between gas permeability and renaturation level of gelatin triple helices. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys2015;
53: 280–287.
110.
JingLZhaoX.Effects of cross-linking treatment of ferulic acid on properties of gelatin. Cailiao yanjiu xuebao/chinese.J Mater Res2015;
29: 701–706.
GoldbergIRokemJS. Organic and fatty acid production, microbial. In: Batt C and Robinson R (Eds.) Encyclopedia of microbiology. Amsterdam: Elsevier Inc., 2009, pp.421–442.
113.
KahkeshaniNFarzaeiFFotouhiM, et al.
Pharmacological effects of gallic acid in health and disease: a mechanistic review. Iran J Basic Med Sci2019;
22: 225–237.
114.
MadhanBThanikaivelanPSubramanianV, et al.
Molecular mechanics and dynamics studies on the interaction of gallic acid with collagen-like peptides. Chem Phys Lett2001;
346: 334–340.
115.
KrishnamoorthyGParvathaleswara SastryTBaran MandalA, et al. Development of gallic acid assisted EDC/NHS crosslinking of collagen matrix for design of scaffold. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems (ICAMS 2012).
116.
ThangavelPRamachandranBMuthuvijayanV.Fabrication of chitosan/gallic acid 3D microporous scaffold for tissue engineering applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Res2016;
104: 750–760.
117.
LiCSchluesenerH.Health-promoting effects of the citrus flavanone hesperidin. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr2017;
57: 613–631.
118.
JainKBeriLKunjirK, et al.
Comparative evaluation of the effect of 10% sodium ascorbate, 10% hesperidin, 1% riboflavin 5 phosphate, collagen cross-linkers, on the pushout bond strength of fiber postulated to radicular dentin: in vitro study. J Conserv Dent2018;
21: 95–99.
LüXZhaiWZhouY, et al.
Crosslinking effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) on decellularized heart valve scaffold for tissue engineering. J Mater Sci: Mater Med2010;
21: 473–480.
121.
RiojaAYMuniz-MaisonetMJKoobT, et al.
Effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid cross-linking on fibrillar collagen: in vitro evaluation of fibroblast adhesion strength and migration. AIMS Bioeng2017;
4: 300–317.
ErdoganIDemirMBayraktarO.Olive leaf extract as a crosslinking agent for the preparation of electrospun zein fibers. J Appl Polym Sci2015;
132: 41338.
124.
FanHHuiJDuanZ, et al.
Novel scaffolds fabricated using oleuropein for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Res Int2014;
2014: 652432.
125.
RaufAImranMAbu-IzneidT, et al.
Proanthocyanidins: a comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother2019;
116: 108999.
126.
HanBJaurequiJTangBW, et al.
Proanthocyanidin: a natural crosslinking reagent for stabilizing collagen matrices. J Biomed Mater Res A2003;
65: 118–124.
127.
LiuWCWangHYLeeTH, et al.
Gamma-poly glutamate/gelatin composite hydrogels crosslinked by proanthocyanidins for wound healing. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl2019;
101: 630–639.
ZhaiWLüXChangJ, et al.
Quercetin-crosslinked porcine heart valve matrix: mechanical properties, stability, anticalcification and cytocompatibility. Acta Biomater2010;
6: 389–395.
130.
GuptaSKKumarRMishraNC.Influence of quercetin and nanohydroxyapatite modifications of decellularized goat-lung scaffold for bone regeneration. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl2017;
71: 919–928.
131.
Vilhelmova-IlievaNGalabov MilevaSAM. Tannins as antiviral agents. In: Aires A (Ed.) Tannins – structural properties, biological properties and current knowledge. London: IntechOpen, 2020.
132.
ShahRStodulkaPSkopalovaK, et al.
Dual crosslinked collagen/chitosan film for potential biomedical applications. Polymers (Basel)2019;
11: 2094.
133.
CassCAPBurgKJL.Tannic acid cross-linked collagen scaffolds and their anti-cancer potential in a tissue engineered breast implant. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed2012;
23: 281–298.
134.
NatarajanVKrithicaNMadhanB, et al.
Preparation and properties of tannic acid cross-linked collagen scaffold and its application in wound healing. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater2013;
101: 560–567.
135.
ChenCGengXWPanYH, et al.
Synthesis and characterization of tannic acid-PEG hydrogel: via Mitsunobu polymerization. RSC Adv2020;
10: 1724–1732.
136.
GarciaCFMartinsVCAPlepisAMG.Effects of grape seed extract on properties of type I collagen scaffolds. Ijamb2020;
2: 2–10.
137.
ZeugolisDIPaulRGAttenburrowG.The influence of a natural cross-linking agent (myrica rubra) on the properties of extruded collagen fibres for tissue engineering applications. Mater Sci Eng C2010;
30: 190–195.
138.
ZhaoYLiZYangW, et al.
Modification of gelatine with Galla chinensis extract, a natural crosslinker. Int J Food Prop2016;
19: 731–744.
139.
RahayuPPurwadiPRadiatiL, et al.
Physico chemical properties of whey protein and gelatine biopolymer using tea leaf extract as crosslink materials. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci2015;
3: 224–236.
KamaevPFriedmanMDSherrE, et al.
Photochemical kinetics of corneal cross-linking with riboflavin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2012;
53: 2360–2367.
143.
SeciuA-MGasparAStefanLM, et al. Vasile goldiş, www.studiauniversitatis.ro (2016, accessed 12 July 2020).
144.
HeoJKohRHShimW, et al.
Riboflavin-induced photo-crosslinking of collagen hydrogel and its application in meniscus tissue engineering. Drug Deliv Transl Res2016;
6: 148–158.
145.
UemuraRMiuraJIshimotoT, et al.
UVA-activated riboflavin promotes collagen crosslinking to prevent root caries. Sci Rep2019;
9: 11.
146.
MahajanSDLawWCAalinkeelR, et al. Nanoparticle-mediated targeted delivery of antiretrovirals to the brain. In: Abelson J, Simon M, Verdine G, Pyle A (Eds.) Methods in enzymology. Cambridge: Academic Press Inc., 2012, pp. 41–60.
147.
ChuCDengJCaoC, et al.
Evaluation of epigallocatechin-3-gallate modified collagen membrane and concerns on Schwann cells. Biomed Res Int2017;
2017: 9641801–9641808.
148.
ForouzidehNNadriSFattahiA, et al.
Epigallocatechin gallate loaded electrospun silk fibroin scaffold with anti-angiogenic properties for corneal tissue engineering. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol2020;
56: 101498.
149.
FroneANPanaitescuDMNicolaeCA, et al.
Bacterial cellulose sponges obtained with green cross-linkers for tissue engineering. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl2020;
110: 110740.
150.
McGovernJAGriffinMHutmacherDW.Animal models for bone tissue engineering and modelling disease. DMM2018;
11: 1–14.
151.
NyambatBChenCHWongPC, et al.
Genipin-crosslinked adipose stem cell derived extracellular matrix-nano graphene oxide composite sponge for skin tissue engineering. J Mater Chem B2018;
6: 979–990.
152.
ChuCRSzczodryMBrunoS.Animal models for cartilage regeneration and repair. Tissue Eng Part B Rev2010;
16: 105–115.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
