Design,synthesis,characterization,and cytotoxicity of PCL/PLGA scaffolds through plasma treatment in the presence of pyrrole for possible use in urethral tissue engineering
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online January, 2020
Design,synthesis,characterization,and cytotoxicity of PCL/PLGA scaffolds through plasma treatment in the presence of pyrrole for possible use in urethral tissue engineering
Electrospinning has proven to be a suitable technique for the production of small diameter tubes, with diverse applications, in the field of tissue engineering. In this work, tubular scaffolds were prepared by electrospinning a polycaprolactone/polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) blend and then treated with polypyrrole plasma for a possible application with urethral tissue. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that for 10% and 20% of the PLGA in the blend, the microfibers, of varying diameters, were free of defects. The elastic modulus of the tubular scaffolds was highest (19 MPa) at 30% of PLGA, while the strain to break was maximum at 10–20% PLGA. However, at 30% of PLGA, within the polycaprolactone, the mechanical synergy (strain at break) was lost. Epithelial cells and smooth muscle cells’ viability on 80/20 blends was high. When this scaffold was treated for 15 min with polypyrrol plasma, an improvement in cell viability was observed, with few polypyrrol particles being deposited and little scaffold degradation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the presence of NH, C–N, and C≡N groups as the chemical groups responsible of this behavior. Therefore, these scaffolds with the polypyrrole surface treatment can be used in the urethra tissue engineering.
YoderICPapanicolaouN.Imaging the urethra in men and women. Urol Radiol1992;
14: 24–28.
2.
OrabiHBouhoutSMorissetteA, et al.
Tissue engineering of urinary bladder and urethra: advances from bench to patients. Sci World J2013;
2013: 1–13.
3.
RourkeK.The epidemiology, clinical presentation, and economic burden of urethral stricture. Advanced male urethral and genital reconstructive surgery.
New York:
Humana Press, 2014, pp.83–93.
4.
BayneDBGaitherTWAwadMA, et al.
Guidelines of guidelines: a review of urethral stricture evaluation, management, and follow-up. Transl Androl Urol2017;
6: 288.
5.
LazzeriMSansaloneSGuazzoniG, et al.
Incidence, causes, and complications of urethral stricture disease. Eur Urol Suppl2016;
15: 2–6.
6.
AtalaA.Experimental and clinical experience with tissue engineering techniques for urethral reconstruction. Urol Clin N Am2002;
29: 485–492.
7.
GallegosMASantucciRA.Advances in urethral stricture management. F1000Res2016;
5: 2913.
8.
De KempVDe GraafPFledderusJO, et al.
Tissue engineering for human urethral reconstruction: systematic review of recent literature. PLoS ONE2015;
10: e0118653.
9.
ZouQFuQ.Tissue engineering for urinary tract reconstruction and repair: progress and prospect in China. Asian J Urol2018;
5: 57–68.
10.
LuTLiYChenT.Techniques for fabrication and construction of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering. Int J Nanomedicine2013;
8: 337.
11.
GualandiC.Porous polymeric bioresorbable scaffolds for tissue engineering.
Berlin, Germany:
Springer Science & Business Media, 2011, pp.12–28.
12.
MalekiMNatalelloAPuglieseR, et al.
Fabrication of nanofibrous electrospun scaffolds from a heterogeneous library of co-and self-assembling peptides. Acta Biomater2017;
51: 268–278.
13.
UleryBDNairLSLaurencinCT.Biomedical applications of biodegradable polymers. J Polym Sci B Polym Phys2011;
49: 832–864.
14.
HiepNTLeeBT.Electro-spinning of PLGA/PCL blends for tissue engineering and their biocompatibility. J Mater Sci: Mater Med2010;
21: 1969–1978.
15.
RohmanGPettitJJIsaureF, et al.
Influence of the physical properties of two-dimensional polyester substrates on the growth of normal human urothelial and urinary smooth muscle cells in vitro. Biomaterials2007;
28: 2264–2274.
16.
De ValenceSTilleJCChaabaneC, et al.
Plasma treatment for improving cell biocompatibility of a biodegradable polymer scaffold for vascular graft applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm2013;
85: 78–86.
17.
ChoongCYuanSThianES, et al.
Optimization of poly(ε‐caprolactone) surface properties for apatite formation and improved osteogenic stimulation. J Biomed Mater Res2012;
100: 353–361.
18.
MaZGaoCShenJ.Surface modification of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) membrane by grafting acrylamide: an effective way to improve cytocompatibility for chondrocytes. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed2003;
14: 13–25.
19.
LinYWangLZhangP, et al.
Surface modification of poly(L-lactic acid) to improve its cytocompatibility via assembly of polyelectrolytes and gelatin. Acta Biomater2006;
2: 155–164.
20.
HuangZBYinGFLiaoXM, et al.
Conducting polypyrrole in tissue engineering applications. Front Mater Sci2014;
8: 39–45.
21.
Ghasemi MobarakehLPrabhakaranMPMorshedM, et al.
Application of conductive polymers, scaffolds and electrical stimulation for nerve tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med2011;
5: 17–35.
22.
KaiDPrabhakaranMPJinG, et al.
Polypyrrole‐contained electrospun conductive nanofibrous membranes for cardiac tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res2011;
99: 376–385.
23.
ZhangZRoyRDugréFJ, et al.
In vitro biocompatibility study of electrically conductive polypyrrole‐coated polyester fabrics. J Biomed Mater Res2001;
57: 63–71.
24.
RowlandsASCooper WhiteJJ.Directing phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells using electrically stimulated conducting polymer. Biomaterials2008;
29: 4510–4520.
25.
Herrera GomezABravo SanchezMCeballos SanchezO, et al.
Practical methods for background subtraction in photoemission spectra. Surf Interface Anal2014;
46: 897–905.
26.
VickermanJCGilmoreI.Surface analysis: the principal techniques. 2nd ed.United Kingdom:
John Wiley & Sons, 2011, pp.67–70.
27.
ShinYCYangWJLeeJH, et al.
PLGA nanofiber membranes loaded with epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate are beneficial to prevention of postsurgical adhesions. Int J Nanomedicine2014;
9: 4067.
28.
GomezLMCruzGJOlayoMG, et al.
Analysis of crosslinking in polypyrrole particles synthesized by plasma. Polym Bull2014;
71: 3275–3287.
29.
OgakiRShardAGLiS, et al.
Extracting information on the surface monomer unit distribution of PLGA by ToF‐SIMS. Surf Interface Anal2008;
40: 1168–1175.
30.
CaiTLiMNeohKG, et al.
Preparation of stimuli responsive polycaprolactone membranes of controllable porous morphology via combined atom transfer radical polymerization, ring-opening polymerization and thiol–yne click chemistry. J Mater Chem2012;
22: 16248–16258.
31.
LeeJYBashurCAGoldsteinAS, et al.
Polypyrrole-coated electrospun PLGA nanofibers for neural tissue applications. Biomaterials2009;
30: 4325–4335.
32.
Can HerreraLAÁvila OrtegaADe la Rosa GarcíaS, et al.
Surface modification of electrospun polycaprolactone microfibers by air plasma treatment: effect of plasma power and treatment time. Eur Polym J2016;
84: 502–513.
33.
ThunbergJKalogeropoulosTKuzmenkoV, et al.
In situ synthesis of conductive polypyrrole on electrospun cellulose nanofibers: scaffold for neural tissue engineering. Cellulose2015;
22: 1459–1467.
34.
MalitestaCLositoISabbatiniL, et al.
New findings on polypyrrole chemical structure by XPS coupled to chemical derivatization labelling. J Electron Spectrosc1995;
76: 629–634.
35.
MajumdarADasSCShripathiT, et al.
Chemical synthesis and surface morphology of amorphous hydrogenated carbon nitride film deposited by N2/CH4 dielectric barrier discharge plasma. Compos Interfaces2012;
19: 161–170.
36.
MoosviSKMajidKAraT.Studying the electrical, thermal, and photocatalytic activity of nanocomposite of polypyrrole with the photoadduct of K3 [Fe (CN) 6] and diethylenetriamine. Mat Res2016;
19: 983–990.
37.
DhillonAKaurASrivastavaAK, et al.
Experimental investigations of semi-crystalline plasma polymerized polypyrrole for surface coating. Prog Org Coat2010;
69: 396–401.
38.
DeitzelJMKleinmeyerJHarrisDEA, et al.
The effect of processing variables on the morphology of electrospun nanofibers and textiles. Polymer2001;
42: 261–272.
39.
FiorettaESSimonetMSmitsAI, et al.
Differential response of endothelial and endothelial colony forming cells on electrospun scaffolds with distinct microfiber diameters. Biomacromolecules2014;
15: 821–829.
40.
ChawlaKK. Mechanical properties. In: Chawla KK (ed) Composite materials. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1991, pp.178–181.
41.
GómezLMOlayoMGCruzGJ, et al.
Effect of energy in the size of pyrrole-derived particles synthesized by plasma. Superficies y Vacío2012;
25: 88–91.
42.
HuTCurtisJMWalterJA, et al.
Characterization of biologically inactive spirolides E and F: identification of the spirolide pharmacophore. Tetrahedron Lett1996;
37: 7671–7674.
43.
StewartMBluntJWMunroMH, et al.
The absolute stereochemistry of the New Zealand shellfish toxin gymnodimine. Tetrahedron Lett1997;
38: 4889–4890.
44.
GhobeiraRPhilipsCDeclercqH, et al.
Effects of different sterilization methods on the physico-chemical and bioresponsive properties of plasma-treated polycaprolactone films. Biomed Mater2017;
12: 015017.
45.
LinFLiWTangY, et al.
High-performance polyimide filaments and composites improved by O2 plasma treatment. Polymers2018;
10: 695.
46.
HeYWangWDingJ.Effects of L-lactic acid and D, L-lactic acid on viability and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Chin Sci Bull2013;
58: 2404–2411.
47.
TaraballiFZaniniSLupoC, et al.
Amino and carboxyl plasma functionalization of collagen films for tissue engineering applications. J Colloid Interf Sci2013;
394: 590–597.
48.
LeeJHJungHWKangIK, et al.
Cell behaviour on polymer surfaces with different functional groups. Biomaterials1994;
15: 705–711.
49.
RenYJZhangHHuangH, et al.
In vitro behavior of neural stem cells in response to different chemical functional groups. Biomaterials2009;
30: 1036–1044.
50.
LiuXFengQBachhukaA, et al.
Surface chemical functionalities affect the behavior of human adipose-derived stem cells in vitro. Appl Surf Sci2013;
270: 473–479.
