Review : Synthetic Polymers with Intrinsic Anticancer Activity

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Gebelein, C.G. 1987. "Advances in Biomedical Polymers;' in Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 35. New York, U.S.A.: Plenum Press.

Jones, A.J. and N.T. Denning. "Polymeric Biomaterials. Bio- and Eco-Compatible Polymers ," Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Australia, 1988.

Roerdink, F.H. and A.M. Kroon. 1989. "Drug Carrier Systems," in Horizons in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol. 9. Chichester, U.K.: John Wiley and Sons.

Illum, L. and S.S. Davis. 1987. Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery . Bath, U.K.: I.O.P. Publishing Ltd.

Duncan, R. and L.W. Seymour. 1989. Controlled Release Technologies. Elsevier Science Publishers Ltd.

Robinson, J.R. and V.H.L. Lee. 1987. Controlled Drug Delivery; Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd Edition. New York, NY, U.S.A.: Marcel Dekker Inc.

Migliaresi, C. , L. Nicolais , P. Giusti and E. Chiellini. 1988. "Polymers in Medicine, III," in Progress in Biomedical Engineering, 5. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.

Rosoff, M. 1989. Controlled Release of Drugs : Polymers and Aggregate Systems . New York, U.S.A.: VCH Publishers, Inc.

Donaruma, L.G. and O. Vogl. 1978. Polymeric Drugs. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc.

10.

Ambrose, E.J. , D.M. Easty and P.C.T. Jones. 1956. "Differences between the Electrical Charge Carried by Normal and Homologous Tumor Cells," Nature, 177:576.

11.

Ambrose, E.J. , D.M. Easty and P.C.T. Jones. 1958. "Specific Reactions of Polyelectrolytes with the Surface of Normal and Tumor Cells," Br. J. Cancer, 12:439.

12.

Richardson, T. , J. Hodgett , A. Lindner and M.S. Stahman. 1959. "Action of Polylysine on Some Ascites Tumors in Mice," Proc. Soc Exp. Biol., 101:382.

13.

Larsen, B. and E.B. Thorling. 1969. "Inhibitory Effect of DEAE-Dextran on Tumor Growth (1," Acta Path. Microbiol. Scandinav., 75:229.

14.

Thorling, E.B. and B. Larsen. 1969. "Inhibitory Effect of DEAE-Dextran on Tumor Growth (2," Acta Path. Microbiol. Scandinav., 75:237.

15.

Arnold, L.U.J. , A. Dagan , J. Gutheil and N.O. Kaplan. 1979. "Antineoplastic Activity of Poly-L-Lysine with Some Ascites Tumor Cells ," Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 76:3246.

16.

Quinton, P.M. and C.W. Philpott. 1973. "A Role for Anionic Sites in Epithelial Architecture; Effects of Cationic Polymers on Cell Membrane Structure," J Cell Biol., 56:787.

17.

Lin, S.Y. , C. Liao and C.Y. Lee. 1977. "Mechanism of Anticholinesterase Activities of Cardiotoxin, Protamine and Polylysine," Biochem. J., 161:229.

18.

Uhlenbruck, G. , J. Beath , K. Oette , W. Roszkowski , H.L. Ko and G. Pulverer. 1986. "Prevention of Experimental Liver Metastases with Arabinogalactan," Naturewissenschaften , 73:626.

19.

Chytry, V. , J. Kopecek , E. Leibnitz , K. O'Hare , L. Scarlett and R. Duncan. 1987. "Copolymers of 6-A-Methacryloyl-D-Galactose and N-(2-Hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide : Targeting to Liver after Intravenous Administration to Rats," New. Poly. Mat., 1:21.

20.

Saiki, I. , J. Murata , M. Nakijima , S. Tokura and I. Azuma. 1990. "Inhibition by Sulfated Chitin Derivatives of Invasion through Extracellular Matrix and Enzymatic Degradation by Metastatic Melanoma Cells," Cancer Res. , 50:3631.

21.

Nakajima, M. , T. Irimura , N. Diferrante and G.L. Nicolson. 1984. " Metastatic Melanoma Cell Heparinase," J. Biol. Chem. , 259:2283.

22.

Bar-Ner, M. , M.D. Kramer , V. Schirrmacher , R. Ishai-Michaeli , Z. Fuks and I. Vlodavsky. 1985. "Sequential Degradation of Heparin Sulfate in the Subendothelial Extracellular Matrix by Highly Metastatic Lymphoma Cells," Int. J. Cancer , 35:483.

23.

Parish, C.R. , D.R. Coombe , K.B. Jacobsen , F.A. Bennett and P.A. Underwood. 1987. "Evidence that Sulfated Polysaccharides Inhibit Tumor Metastasis by Blocking Tumor-Cell-Desired Heparinases ," Int. J. Cancer , 40:511.

24.

Coombe, D.R. , C.R. Parish , I.A. Ramshaw and J.M. Snowden. 1987. "Analysis of the Inhibition of Tumor Metastasis by Sulfated Polysaccharides," Int. J. Cancer, 39:82.

25.

Nakajima, M. , T. Irimura , D. DiFerrante , N. Diferrante and G.L. Nicolson. 1983. " Heparin Sulfate Degradation: Relation to Tumor Invasion and Metastatic Properties of Mouse B16 Melanoma Sublines ," Science, 220:611.

26.

Irimura, T. , M. Nakajima and G.L. Nicolson. 1986. "Chemically Modified Heparins as Inhibitors of Heparin Sulfate Specific endo-β-Glucuronidase (Heparinase) of Metastatic Melanoma Cells," Biochemistry, 25:5322.

27.

Regelson, W. 1991. "Heparin, Heparinoids, Synthetic Polyanions and Anionic Dyes," J. Polym. Chem. (in press).

28.

Fujii, Y. , N. Yuki , N. Takeichi , H. Kobayashi and T. Miyazaki. 1987. "Differentiation Therapy of a Myelomonocytic Leukaemia (C-WRT-7) in Rats by Injection of Lipopolysaccharide and Daunomycin ," Cancer Res., 47: 1668.

29.

Skipper, H.E. , F.M. Schabel and W.S. Wilcox. 1964. "Experimental Evaluation of Potential Anticancer Agents. XIII. On the Criteria and Kinetics Associated with "Curability" of Experimental Leukaemia ," Cancer Chemother: Rep., 35:1.

30.

Tomic, R. 1986. "Some Effects of Treatment with Ethynylestradiol with or without Poly(oestradiol phosphate) in Patients with Prostatic Carcinoma ," Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol., 20:193.

31.

Moroson, H. 1971. "Polycation-Treated Tumor Cells in vivo and in vitro," Cancer Res., 31:373.

32.

Gall, D. , P.A. Knight and F. Hampson. 1972. "Adjuvant Activity of Polyelectrolytes ," Immunology, 23:569.

33.

Peterson, P.K. , G. Gekker , R. Shapiro , M. Freiburg and W.F. Keane. 1984. " Poly(aminoacid) Enhancement of Bacterial Phagocytosis by Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Peritoneal Macrophages," Infection and Immunity , 43:561.

34.

Moroson, H. and M. Rotman. 1975. "Biomedical Applications of Poly-cations," in Polyelectrolytes and Their Applications. A. Rembaue and E. Selegny , eds. Dordrecht-Holland, Boston , U.S.A.: D. Reidel Publishing Co., p. 187.

35.

Oestreich, R. 1910. "Ein neuer Versuch der Behandlung des Krebses," Berlin Klin Wochenschr., 47:1698.

36.

Tirrell, D. , L.G. Donaruma and A.B. Tirek. 1985. " Macromolecules as Drugs and Carriers for Biologically Active Agents," Ann. New York Acad. Sci., p. 446.

37.

Donaruma, L.G. 1975. "Synthetic Biologically Active Polymers," Prog: Polym. Sci., 4:1.

38.

Rihova, B. and I. Riha. 1985. "Immunological Problems of Polymer-Bound Drugs," CRC Critical Rev. Therap. Drug Carrier Sys., 1:311.

39.

Butler, G.B. 1960. "Recent Developments in Polymerization by an Alternating Intramolecular Mechanism," J. Polym. Sci., 48:279.

40.

Merigan, T.C. 1967. "Induction of Circulating Interferon by Synthetic Anionic Polymers of Known Composition," Nature (London), 214:416.

41.

Papamatheakis, J.D. , R.M. Schultz , M.A. Chirigos and J.G. Massicot. 1978. "Cell and Tissue Distribution of 14C-Labelled Pyran Copolymers," Cancer Treat. Rep., 62:1845.

42.

Butler, G.B. 1982-1983. "Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of 'Pyran Copolymer,' " Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys., C22:89.

43.

Butler, G.B. , Y. Xing , G.E. Gifford and D.A. Flick. 1985. " Physical and Biological Properties of Cyclopolymers Related to DIVEMA (Pyran Copolymer," in Macromolecules as Drugs and Carriers for Biologically Active Agents. D. Tirrell, L. G. Donaruma and A. B. Tirek, eds. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 446:149.

44.

Kaplan, A.M. , P.L. Walker and P.S. Morahan. 1977. "Tumor Cell Cytotoxicity versus Cytostasis of Pyran Activated Macrophages," in Modulation of Host Immune Resistance in the Prevention or Treatment of Induced Neoplasms . M. A. Chirigos , ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, p. 277

45.

Morahan, P.S. , J.A. Munson , L.B. Baird , A.M. Kaplan and W. Regelson. 1974. "Antitumor Action of Pyran Copolymer and Tilorone against Lewis Lung Carcinoma and B16 Melanoma ," Cancer Res.. 34:506.

46.

Little, A.P. 1964. "Preclinical Toxicology of NSC 46015 Hydrolysate," Report to Cancer Chemotherapy, National Service Center, March 5, 1964, Contract Sa-43-ph-3789, Boston: Little Brown .

47.

Hirsch, M.S. , P.H. Block , M.C. Wood and A.P. Monaco. 1972. "Effects of Pyran Copolymer on Oncogenic Virus Infections in Immunosuppressed Hosts;' J. Immunol., 108:1312.

48.

Chirigos, M.A. , W. Turner , J. Pearson and W. Griffin. 1969. " Effective Antiviral Therapy of Two Murine Leukaemias with an Interferon-Inducing Synthetic Carboxylate Polymer," Int. J. Cancer, 4:267.

49.

Sandberg, J. and G. Goldin. 1971. "Use of First Generation Transplants of a Slow Growing Solid Tumor for the Evaluation of New Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents,' Cancer Chemother: Reports , 55:233.

50.

Schulz, R.M. , J.D. Papamatheakis , J. Luetzeler , P. Ruiz and M.A. Chirigos. 1977. "Macrophage Involvement in the Protective Effect of Pyran Copolymer against the Madison Lung Carcinoma (M109," Cancer Res., 37:358.

51.

Mohr, S.J. and M.A. Chirigos. 1978. "Immunopotentiation against L1210 Leukaemia by Pyran Copolymer and Crude Tumor Antigen;' in Immune Modulation and Control of Neoplasia by Adjuvant Therapy. M. A. Chirigos , ed. New York: Raven Press , p. 415.

52.

Regelson, W. and A.E. Munson. 1970. "Reticuloendothelial Effects of Interferon Inducers: Polyanionic and Nonpolyanionic Phylaxis against Microorganisms," Ann. New York Acad. Sci., 173:831.

53.

Breslow, D.S. 1976. "Biologically Active Synthetic Polymers," Pure and Applied Chem., 46:103.

54.

Kaplan, A.M. , R.M. Ottenbrite , W. Regelson , R. Cardman , P. Morahan and M. Munson. 1978. "Immunoadjuvant, Antiviral and Antitumor Activity of Synthetic Polyanions," in Handbook of Cancer and Immunology, Vol. 5. H. Waters , ed. New York: Garland Publishing Co., p. 135.

55.

Falk, R.E. , L. Makowka , N. Nossal , J.A. Falk , J. Fields and S.S. Asculai. 1979. "Modulation of the Immune Response and Control of Tumor Spread by a New Synthetic Compound," Brit. J. Surg., 66:861.

56.

Falk, R.E. , L. Makowka , R.E. Falk and J.A. Falk. 1982. "Mechanisms of Altered in vitro Antibody Response in the Rat by a Small Synthetic Polymer," Scand. J. Immunol., 15:9.

57.

Ottenbrite, R.M. , E. Goodell and A. Munson. 1977. " A Comparative Study of Antitumor and Toxicologic Properties of Related Polyanions ," Polymer, 18:461.

58.

Wieczarek, Z. , K. Staroscik , J. Lisowski and M. Zimecki. 1975. " Synthetic Antigens; II Immunogenic, Antigenic and Adjuvant Properties of a Copolymer of Styrene and Maleic Anhydride," Eur. J. Immunol. , 5:157.

59.

Ottenbrite, R.M. and R. Takatsuka. 1986. "The Preparation and Structure Evaluation of Poly(itaconic acid-alt-styrene)—A Biologically Active Polymer," J. Bioact. Compat. Poly., 1:461.

60.

Takatsuka, R. and S. Konda. 1987. "Macrophage-Mediated Antitumor Activity Induced by Poly(itaconic acid-co-styrene," J. Bioact. Compat. Polym., 2:31.

61.

Merigan, T.C. and M.S. Finkelstein. 1968. "Interferon-Stimulating and in vivo Antiviral Effects of Various Synthetic Anionic Polymers," Virology, 35:363.

62.

Niblack, J.F. , M.B. McCreary and N.L. Stone. Interferon Scientific Memoranda, Aries Corp., McLean, VA (Natn. Inst. Allergy and Infectious Diseases), memo 148/1, 1969.

63.

Ottenbrite, R.M. , K. Kuus and A.M. Kaplan. 1983. "Kinetics of Ectoenzyme Production and Tumoricidal Activation Elicited by Synthetic Polyanions," Polym. Prep, 24:25.

64.

Hodnett, E.M. , J. Amirmoazzami and J. Tien Hai Tai. 1978. "Anionic Polymers and Biological Activities. Effects of Some New Polycarboxylic Acids on the Ascitic Sarcoma 180 in Mice," J. Med. Chem., 21:652.

65.

Ottenbrite, R.M. and A.M. Kaplan. 1985. "Some Biologically Active Copolymers of Maleic Anhydride," in Macromolecules as Drugs and Carriers for Biologically Active Materials. D. Tirrell , L. G. Donaruma and A. B. Turek , eds. Ann. New York Acad. Sci , 446:160.

66.

Came, P.E. , M. Lieberman , A. Pascale and G. Shimonaski. 1969. "Antiviral Activity of an Interferon-Inducing Synthetic Polymer," Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 131:443.

67.

Regelson, W. and J.F. Holland. 1958. "The Anionic Polyelectrolyte, Polyethylene Sulfonate, as a New Antineoplastic Agent," Nature (London), 181:46.

68.

Butler, G.B. , N.M. Tollefson , G.E. Gifford and D.A. Flick. 1987. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polyanionic Materials for Testing of Antitumor Activity. 1—The 1:2 Cyclocopolymer of Citraconic Anhydride and Divinyl Ether," J Bioact. Compat. Polym., 2:206.

69.

Felz, E.T. and W. Regelson. 1962. "Ethylene-Maleic Anhydride Copolymers as Viral Inhibitors," Nature (London), 196:642.

70.

Balazs, A. and H. Holmgren. 1949. "Effect of Sulfomucopolysaccharides on Growth of Tumor Tissue," Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 72:142.

71.

Muehlbaecher, C. , J. Straumfjord , J.P. Hummel and W. Regelson. "Anionic Polymers III. The Tissue Distribution and Metabolism of Polyxenylphosphate in Tumor-Bearing Mice," Cancer Res., 19:907.

72.

Regelson, W. , M. Kuhar , M. Tunis , J.E. Fields , J.H. Johnson and E.W. Gluesankamp. 1960. "Synthetic Polyelectrolytes as Tumor Inhibitors," Nature, 186:778.

73.

Regelson, W. and J.F. Holland. 1962. "Effect of an Anionic Polyelectrolyte (Polyethylene Sulfonate) in Patients with Cancer. Clinical Pharmacology of a Macromolecule," Clin. Pharmacol. Therap. , 3:730.

74.

Diamantstein, T. , W. Vogt and H. Ruhl. 1973. " Stimulation of DNA Synthesis in Mouse Lymphoid Cells by Polyanions in vitro. 1. Target Cells and Possible Mode of Action," Eur. J. Immunol. , 3:488.

75.

Diamantstein, T. , B. Wagner , I. Beyse , M. V Odenwald and G. Schulz. 1971. " Stimulation of Humoral Antibody Formulation by Polyanions. 1. The Effect of Poly(acrylic acid) on the Primary Immune Response in Mice Immunized with Sheep Red Blood Cells," Eur. J. Immunol., 1:335.

76.

Ormai, S. and M. Palkovits. 1972. "Size Distribution of Lymphocytes in the Thoracic Duct Lymph in Rat after Lymphocyte Mobilization Induced by Poly(methacrylic acid," Blut, XXIV:161.

77.

Goldie, H. , M. Walker , B. Biscoe , G.J. Powell and R.J. Howse. 1961. "Growth Characteristics of Ascitic Tumor Cells in the Heparinized Peritoneal Cavity of the Mouse," Proc Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med., 107:838.

78.

Breslow, D.S. 1982. "Biologically Active Synthetic Anionic Polymers;' ACS Symp. Ser., 195:1.

79.

Regelson, W. In International Enclyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. M. Mitchell , ed. New York, NY, U.S.A.: Pergamon Press , p. 1.

80.

Lang, S.R.Z. , R.R. Salup , P.E. Uriad , T.A. Twilley , J.E. Talmadge , R.B. Herberman and R.W. Wiltrout. 1986. " Augmentation of Natural Killer Cell Activity and/or Macrophage-Mediated Cytotoxicity in the Liver by Biological Response Modifiers Including Human Recombinant Interleukin 2," Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 21:19.

81.

Talmadge, J.E. , A.G. Maluish , M. Collins , M. Schneider , R.D. Herberman , R.K. Oldham and R.H. Wiltrout. 1984. "Immunomodulation and Antitumor Effects of Maleic Anhydride-Divinyl Ether in Mice," J. Biol. Response Modif., 3:634.

82.

Zaharko, D.S. and J.M. Corey. 1984. "Effects of 5-aza-2'-Deoxycytidine in Combination with the Biochemical Modulator Thymidine or the Immune Modulator Pyran Copolymer in L1210-Bearing Mice," Cancer Treat. Rep. , 68:1255.

83.

Weese, J.L. , E.M. Gilbertson , S.E. Syrjala , P.D. Whitney and J.R. Starling. 1985. "Reduced Incidence of Rat Colon Cancer Metastases by Peri-operative Immunostimulation with Maleic Anhydride Divinyl Ether-2 (MVE-2)," Dis. Colon Rectum, 28:217.

84.

Rosenblum, M.G. , A.M. Rios and E.M. Hersh. 1987. " Clinical Pharmacology of the Biological Response Modifier Maleic Anhydride-Divinyl Ether Copolymer (MVE-2,' Cancer Chemother: Pharmacol., 18:243.

85.

Hainsworth, J.D. , J.T. Forbes , W.W. Grosch and F.A. Greco. 1986. " Phase I Study of MVE-2 Evaluating Toxicity and Biologic Response Modification Capability," Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 22:68.

86.

Rinehart, J. , J. LaFarge , D. Gochnour and J. Neidhart. 1987. "Phase II Trial of MVE-II in Metastatic Malignant Melanoma," Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 24:244.

87.

Isaacs, A. and J. Lindermann. 1957. "Virus Interference I. The Interferon ," Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. B, 147:258.

88.

Lampson, G.P. , A.A. Tytell , A.K. Field , M.M. Nemes and M.R. Hilleman. 1967. "Inducers of Interferon and Host Resistance I. DoubleStranded RNA from Extracts of Pennicilium funiculosum ," Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. US.A., 58:782.

89.

Cone, R.E. 1979. "The Influence of Synthetic Homoribopolynucleotide Complexes on the Immune Response," Pharmac. Ther., 8:321.

90.

Levy, H.B. 1986. "Polynucleotides as Interferon Inducers and Immune Modulators ," J. Bioact. Compat. Poly., 1:348.

91.

Lacour, F. , G. Delage , E. Fenster and J. Harel. 1975. "Inhibitory Action of PolyA-PblyU on Tumor Growth. Enhancement of Host Immune Response?" In Fundamental Aspects of Neoplasia. A. A. Gottlieb , O. Plescia and H. L. Bishop , eds. New York: Springer Verlag , p. 123.

92.

Youn, J.K. , F. Lacour and G. Hue. 1982. "Inhibition of C3H/He Mouse Mammary Tumor Growth by Combined Treatment with Cyclophosphamide and Polyadenylic-Polyuridylic Acid," Cancer Res., 42:4706.

93.

Bloksma, N. and F.M. Hofhuis. 1987. "Synergistic Action of Human Recombinant Tumor Necrosis Factor with Endotoxins or Nontoxic PolyAPolyU against Solid Meth A Tumors in Mice," Cancer Immunol. Immunother. , 24:165.

94.

Barden, E.C. , A.K. Verma and W.H. Wolberg. 1985. "Potential Role of Polyribonucleotides in Human Neoplastic Disease," J. Biol. Response Modif., 4:676.

95.

Pitha, P.M. , N.M. Teich , D.R. Lowy and J. Pitha. 1973. "Inhibition of Murine Leukaemia Virus Replication by Polyvinyluracil and Polyvinyl-adenine," Proc Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 70:1204.

96.

Lacour, F. , G. Delage and C. Chianale. 1975. "Reduced Incidence of Spontaneous Mammary Tumors in C3H/He Mice Following Treatment with PolyA-PolyU," Science, 187:256.

97.

Ducret, J.P. , P. Caille , H. Sancho Garnier , J.L. Amiel , M. Michelson , A.G. Hovanessian , J.K. Youn and F. Lacour. 1985. " A Phase I Clinical Tolerance Study of Polyadenylic-Polyuridylic Acid in Cancer Patients," J. Biol. Response Modif., 4:129.

98.

Lacour, J. , F. Lacour , A. Spira , M. Michelson , V.J. Petit , G. Delage , D. Sarrazin , G. Coutesse and J. Vignier. 1984. "Adjuvant Treatment with PolyA-PblyU in Operable Breast Cancer; Updated Results of a Randomized Trial," Br. Med. J., 288:587.

99.

Michelson, A.M. , F. Lacour and J. Lacour. 1985. " Mini Review: Polyadenylic-Polycytidylic Acid in the Cotreatment of Cancer ," Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 179:1.

100.

Lacour, J.J. 1985. "Clinical Trials Using PolyA-PolyU as an Adjuvant to Surgery in Treating Different Human Tumors," J. Biol. Response Modif., 4:538.

101.

Lacour, J. , F. Lacour , B. Ducot , A. Spira , M. Michelson , V.J. Petit , D. Sassazin and G. Contesso. 1988. "Polyadenylic-Polyuridylic Acid as Adjuvant in the Treatment of Operable Breast Cancer: Recent Results ," Euro. J. Surg. Onc., 14:311.

102.

Bonadonna, G. and P. Valagussa. 1985. "Adjuvant Systemic Therapy for Resectable Breast Cancer," J. Clin. Oncol. , 3:259.

103.

Hovanessian, A.G. , J.K. Youn , C. Buffet-Janvresse , Y. Riviere , M. Michelson , J. Lacour and F. Lacour. 1985. " Enhancement of Natural Killer Cell Activity and 2'5' A Synthetase in Operable Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Polyadenylic-Polyuridylic Acid," Cancer, 55:357.

104.

Youn, J.K. , B.S. Kim , J.S. Min , K.S. Lee , H.J. Choi , Y.B. Lee , D.W. Lee , E.H. Koh , K.W. Kim , K.B. Lee and A.M. Michelson. 1987. "Adjuvant Treatment of Operable Stomach Cancer with PolyA-PolyU in Addition to Chemotherapeutic Agents. Differential Effect on Natural Killer Cell and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Toxicity," Int. J. Immunopharmac. , 9:313.

105.

Hilleman, M.R. "Prospects for the Use of Double Stranded Ribonucleic Acid (PolyI-PolyC) Inducers in Man," J. Inf. Dis. , 121:196.

106.

Han, I.H. , A.G. Johnson , J. Cook and S.S. Han. 1973. "Comparative Biological Activity of Endotoxin and Synthetic Polyribonucleotides," J. Inf. Dis., 128:S232.

107.

Philips, F.S. , M. Fleisher , L.D. Hamilton , M.K. Schwartz and S.S. Stern-berg . 1971. "Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid Toxicity," in Biological Effects of Polynucleotides. R. F. Beers and W. Braun , eds. New York: Springer Verlag .

108.

Hamilton, L.D. 1971. "Immunogenic Polynucleotides," in Biological Effects of Polynucleotides. R. F. Beers and W. Braun , eds. New York : Springer Verlag.

109.

Morales, A. and A.S.D. Pang. 1986. "Prophylaxis and Therapy of an Experimental Bladder Cancer with Biological Response Modifiers ," J. Urology, 135:191.

110.

Iigo, M. , M.S. Chapekar and R.I. Glazer. "Synergistic Antitumor Effect of Fluoropyrimidines and Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid Against L1210 Leukaemia," Cancer Res., 45:4039.

111.

Dennis, J.W. 1986. "Effects of Swainsonine and Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid on Murine Tumor Cell Growth and Metastasis ," Cancer Res., 46:5131.

112.

Iigo, M. , Y. Nakajima , K. Nishikata and A. Hoshi. 1989. "Enhanced Antitumor Effect of Combination Therapy with Interleukin 2 and Polyribonucleotides against Adenocarcinoma 755," J Biol. Response Modif., 8:147.

113.

Robinson, R.A. , V.T. DeVira , H.B. Levy , S. Barm , S.P. Hubbard and A.S. Levine. 1976. "A Phase I/II Trial of Multiple Dose Polyriboinosinic-Polyribocytidylic Acid in Patients with Leukaemia or Solid Tumors," J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 57:599.

114.

Levy, H.B. 1977. "The Induction of Interferon by Polymers," Polym. Prep., 18:587.

115.

Kaplan, H. , G. Karandang , G. Mandigo , R. Newman , S. Yousefi , J. Chiu , J.G. Tilles and T.C. Cesario. 1987. "Optimal Conditions for the Induction of Human Mononuclear Leukocytes by Complexed Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid," J Clin. Lab. Immunol., 22:153.

116.

Levine, A.S. , M. Sivulich , P. Wiernick and H.B. Levy. 1979. " Initial Clinical Trials in Cancer Patients of Polyriboinosinic-Polyribocytidylic Acid Stabilized with Poly-L-Lysine in Carboxymethyl Cellulose [Poly(IC)LC), a Highly Effective Interferon Inducer," Cancer Res., 39:1645.

117.

Bello, J. , E.N. Granados , M. McGarry and J.A. O'Mally. 1986. "Preparation and Assay of Poly(ICL-CM) Dextran, an Interferon Inducer of Reduced Toxicity," Meths. Enzymol., 119:103.

118.

Krown, S.E. , D. Kerr , W.E. Stewart, II , A.K. Field and H.F. Oettgen. 1985. "Phase I Trials of Poly(IC) Complexes in Advanced Cancer," J. Biol. Response Modif., 4:640.

119.

Maluish, A.E. , J.W. Reid , E.A. Crisp , W.R. Overton , H. Levy , K.A. Foon and R.B. Herberman. 1985. "Immunomodulatory Effects of Poly(IC)LC in Cancer Patients," J. Biol. Response Modif., 4:656.

120.

Talmadge, J.E. and D. Hartmann. 1985. "Optimization of an Immunotherapeutic Protocol with Poly(IC)LC," J. Biol. Response Modif., 4:484.

121.

Durie, B.G. , H.B. Levy , J. Voakes , J.R. Jett and A.S. Levine. 1985. "Poly(IC)LC as an Interferon Inducer in Refractory Multiple Myeloma," J. Biol. Response Modif. , 4:518.

122.

Moroz, C. , B. Kupfer , A. Lindner and M. Many. "Treatment of Patients with Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Urinary Bladder with Intravesical PolyI-PolyC: Effects on Natural Killer Function," Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 20:236-240.

123.

Hawkins, M.J. , M. Levin and E.C. Borden. 1985. "An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Phase I-II Pilot Study of PolyI-PolyC-PolyL Complex in Patients with Metastatic Malignant Melanoma," J Biol. Response Modif. , 4:664.

124.

Lampkin, B.C. , A.S. Levine , H. Levy , W. Krivit and D. Hammond. 1985. " Phase II Trial of a Complex Polyriboinosinic-Polyribocytidylic Acid with Poly-L-Lysine and Carboxymethylcellulose in the Treatment of Children with Acute Leukaemia and Neuroblastoma. A Report from the Children's Cancer Study Group," Cancer Res., 45:5904.

125.

Hess, W.A. , C.T. Bever and D.E. McFarlin. 1985. "Liver Enzyme Abnormalities after Poly(IC)LC Infusions," Cancer Treat. Rep., 69(11):1342.

126.

Stevenson, H.C. , P.G. Abrams , C.S. Schoenberger , R.B. Smalley , R.B. Herberman and K.A. Foon. 1985. " Phase I Evaluation of Poly(IC)LC in Cancer Patients," J. Biol. Response Modif., 4:650.

127.

Theriault, R.L. , G.N. Hortobagyi , A.W. Buzdar , H.B. Levy and E.M. Hersh. 1986. " Evaluation of Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic and Poly(L-Lysine) in Metastatic Breast Cancer," Cancer Treat. Rep., 70:1341.

128.

Rettenmaier, M.A. , M.L. Berman and P.J. Disaia. 1986. "Treatment of Advanced Ovarian Cancer with Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Lysine Carboxymethyl Cellulose ," Gynecol. Oncol., 24:359.

129.

Droller, M.J. 1987. "Immunotherapy of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma with Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Acid," J. Virol., 137:202.

130.

Levy, H.B. , R. Adamson , P. Carbone , V. DeVita , A. Gazdar , J. Rhim , A. Weinstein and F. Riley. 1971. "Studies on the Antitumor Action of PolyI-PolyC," in Biological Effects of Polynucleotides. R. Beers and W Braun , eds. New York: Springer Verlag.

131.

Webb, D. , W. Braun and O.J. Plescia. 1972. "Antitumor Effects of Polynucleotides and Theophylline," Cancer Res., 32:1814.

132.

Fisher, J.C. , S.R. Cooperband and J.A. Mannick. 1972. " The Effect of PolyI-PolyC Acid on the Immune Response of Mice to Antigenically Distinct Tumors," Cancer Res., 32:889.

133.

Kreider, J.W. and S.A. Benjamin. 1972. "Tumor Immunity and the Mechanism of Polyinosinic-Polycytidylic Inhibition of Tumor Growth," J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 49:1303.

134.

Schultz, R.M. , J.D. Papamatheakis and M.A. Chirigos. 1978. "Correlation between Antitumor Activity and Macrophage Activation by Polyanions," in Immune Modulation and Control of Neoplasia by Adjuvant Therapy. M. A. Chirigos , ed. New York: Raven Press.

135.

DeClercq, E. 1977. "Effect of Mouse Interferon and Polyribosinosinic Acid-Polyribocytidylic Acid on L-Cell Tumor Growth in Nude Mice," Cancer Res. , 37:1502.

136.

Gresser, I. , C. Maury , M.T. Bandu , M. Tovey and M-T. Maunoury. 1978. "Role of Endogenous Inteferon in the Antitumor Effect of Poly(IC) and Statolon as Demonstrated by the Use of Anti-Mouse Interferon Serum," Int. J. Cancer , 21:72.

137.

Zeleznick, L.D. and B.K. Bhuyan. 1969. "Treatment of Leukaemia (L1210) Mice with Double Stranded Polynucleotides," Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 130:126.

138.

Strayer, D.R. , W.A. Carter , I. Brodsky , D.H. Gillespie , J.T. Green and P.O.P. Ts'O . 1981. "Clinical Studies with Mismatched Doublestranded RNA," Tx Rep. Biol. Med., 41:663.

139.

Carter, W.A. , P.M. Pitha , L.W. Marshall , I. Tazawa , S. Tazawa and P. O. P. Ts'O. 1981. " Structural Requirements of the rIn-rCn Complex for Induction of Human Interferon ," J. Mol. Biol., 70:567.

140.

Greene, J.J. , P.O.P. Ts'O , D.R. Strayer and W.A. Carter. 1984. "Therapeutic Applications of Doublestranded RNAs," in Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology . P. E. Came and W. A. Carter , eds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag , p. 535.

141.

Carter, W.A. , J. O'Malley , M. Beeson , P. Cunnington , A. Kelvin , A. Vere-Hodge , J.L. Alderfer and P.O.P. Ts'O. 1976. " An Integrated and Comparative Study of the Antiviral Effects and Other Biological Features of the rIn-rCn Duplex and Its Mismatched Analogues III. Chronic Effects, Immunological Features," Molec. Pharmacol. , 12:440.

142.

Brodsky, I. , D.R. Strayer , L.J. Krueger and W.A. Carter. 1985. "Clinical Studies with Ampligen (Mismatched Double Stranded RNA, J. Biol. Response Modif., 4:669.

143.

Hubbell, H.R. , E.C. Pequignot , J. Todd , L.C. Raymond , S.D. Mayberry , W.A. Carter and D.R. Strayer. 1987. "Augmented Antitumor Effect of Combined Human Natural Interferon Alpha and Mismatched Double Stranded RNA Treatment against a Human Malignant Melanoma Xenograft," J. Biol. Response Modif., 6:525.

144.

Brodsky, I. and D.R. Strayer. 1987. "Therapeutic Potential of Ampligen," Am. Fam. Physician, 36:253.

145.

Investigational brochure on Carbetimer: an antineoplastic agent, G. D Searle and Co., Skokie, Illinois, U.S.A., 1988.

146.

Fields, J.E. , S.S. Ascuali , J.H. Johnson and R.K. Johnson. 1982. "Carboxyimamidate, a Low Molecular Weight Polyelectrolyte with Antitumor Properties and Low Toxicity ," J. Med. Chem., 25:1060.

147.

Flak, R.E. , L. Makowska , N.A. Nossal , L.E. Rotstein and J.A. Falk. 1980. "Comparison of the Antitumor Effects of a Synthetic Biopolymer and Standard Adjuvants," Surgery , 88:126.

148.

Ardalan, B. , J. Kotarac , H.J. Hrishikeshevan , R. Kibbe and G.E. Paget. 1985. "Studies on the Mechanisms of Action of a New Antitumor Polymer, Carbetimer," Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer. Res., 26:18.

149.

Hrishikeshevan, H.J. , B. Ardalan and E. Paget. 1986. " Inhibition of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase by Carbetimer in a Human Melanoma," Cancer Res., 27:280.

150.

Dodion, P. , D. DeValeriola , J.J. Body , M. Houa , P. Noel , J. Abrams , N. Crespeigne , F. Wery and Y. Kenis. 1989. " Phase I Clinical Trial with Carbetimer," Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol., 25:279.

151.

Fromm, M. , W.E. Berdel , H.D. Schick , S. Danhauser-Riedl , U. Fink , W. Remy , A. Reichert , A. Ankele , H.W. Prauer , J.R. Siewert and J. Rastetter. 1988. "Phase I Trial of the Polyelectrolyte Carbetimer Administered i.v. Once Every Four Weeks," Invest. New Drugs, 6:189.

152.

Hanauske, A.R. , T.J. Melink , G.S. Harman , G.M. Clark , J.B. Craig , J.M. Koeller , D.H. Boldt , B. Kantor , D.L. Kisner , G. Orczyk , D.W. Anderson , E. Paget , G.A. Sarosy and D.D. Von Hoff. 1988. "Phase I Clinical Trial of Carbetimer," Cancer Res. , 48:5353.

153.

Body, J.J. , A. Margritte , A. Cleeren , A. Borkowski and P. Dodion. 1939. " Short Term Effects of Carbetimer on Calcium and Bone Metabolism in Man," Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol., 25:1831.

154.

Dodion, P. , M. Fromm , G. O'Bryan-Tear , Ph. Rumke and P. Selby. "Phase 2 Study of Carbetimer in Malignant Melanoma," in Proc. 6th EORTC Symposium on New Drugs in Cancer Therapy , Amsterdam, March, 1989.

155.

Rosenblum, M.G. and G.N. Hortobagyi. 1986. "Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Disposition of the Biological Response Modifier BAY 7433 (Copovithane) in Patients with Cancer," Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 18:247.

156.

Schlumberger, H.D. 1981. "BAY 7433: A Synthetic Polymer with Antitumor Activity," in Augmenting Agents in Cancer Therapy. E. M. Hersh , M. A. Chirigos and M. J. Mastrangelo , eds. New York: Raven, p. 373.

157.

Ucci, G. , A. Riccardi , M. Danovi , M. Faravelli , P. Salvini and M. Girino. 1988. "Clinical Trial of High Doses of BAY 7433 (Copovithane," Drugs Exp. Clin. Res., 12:713.

158.

Hortobagyi, G.N. , E.M. Hersh , N.E. Papadopoulos , D. Frye , A. Rois , J.M. Reuben , C. Plager , M. Rosenblum and J. Queseda. 1986. " Initial Studies with Copovithane," J. Biol. Resp. Modif., 5:319.

159.

Ajani, J.A. , G.N. Hortobagyi , D. Frye , B. Levin , B.M. Boman and J.S. Faintuch. 1987. "A Randomized Study of Two Schedules of Copovithane in Patients with Advanced Colorectal Carcinoma ," Am. J. Clin. Onc., 10:139.

160.

Jeannin, J.F. , P. Lagadec , H. Pelletier , D. Reisser , N.O. Olsson , G. Chihara and F. Martin. 1988. " Regression Induced by Lentinan of Peritoneal and Carcinomatoses in a Model of Colon Cancer in the Rat," Int. J. Immunopharmac., 10:855.

161.

DiLuzio, N.R. 1985. "Update on the Immunomodulating Activities of Glucans," Springer Sem. Immunopath., 8:387.

162.

Taguchi, T. , M. Furue , T. Kimura , T. Kondo , T. Hattori , I. Itoh and N. Ogawa. 1985. "End Point Results of Phase III Study of Lentinan ," Jap. J. Cancer Chemother., 12:366.

163.

Nanba, H. and H. Kuroda. 1987. "Potentiating Effect of β-Glucan from Cochilobeanus miyabeanus on Host-Mediated Antitumor Activity in Mice ," Chem. Pharm. Bull., 35:1289.

164.

Chihara, G. , J. Hamuro , Y.Y. Maeda , T. Shiio , T. Suga , N. Takasuka and T. Sasaki. 1987. " Antitumor and Metastasis Inhibiting Activities of Lentinan as an Immunomodulator: An Overview," Cancer Detect. Prev. (Suppl.), 1:423.

165.

Taguchi, T. 1987. "Clinical Efficacy of Lentinan on Patients with Stomach Cancer: End Point Results of a Four Year Follow-Up Survey," Cancer Detect. Prev. (Suppl.), 1:333.

166.

Maekawa, S. , M. Saku , T. Kinugasa , Y. Yoshida , K. Ikejiri and S. Yakabe. 1990. " A Case Report of Advanced Cancer Remarkably Responding to Mitomycin C, Aclacinomycin A, SF-SP and Lentinan Combination Therapy," Gan. to Kagaku Ryoho, 265:1578.

167.

Miyamoto, K. , Y. Inagaki and M. Miyairi. 1989. " Successful Therapy with Tegafur and Lentinan after TAE for Hepatocellular Carcinoma—A Case Report," Nippon Gan. Chiryo Gakkai Shi., 24:2623.

168.

Nanba, H. and H. Kuroda. 1987. "The Chemical Structure of an Antitumor Polysaccharide in Mycelia of Cochliobolus miyabeanus," Chem. Pharm. Bull., 35:1285.

169.

Hattori, T. , T. Komita , Y. Shimizu , S. Arimori , J. Matsuzaki , H. Satoh , S. Yamamoto , M. Funasaka , M. Irimaziri , T. Endo , K. Uesugi and K. Kubawara. 1980. "Cooperative Clinical Study on SSM Treatment," Chemotherapy , 28:171.

170.

Sasaki, H. , D. Schmitt , Y. Hayashi , R.B. Pollard and F. Suzuki. 1990. " Induction of Interleukin 3 and Tumor Resistance by SSM, a Cancer Immunotherapeutic Agent Extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis," Cancer Res. , 50:4032.

171.

Seljelid, R. 1986. "A Water Soluble Aminated β-1-3D-Glucan Derivative Causes Regression of Solid Tumors in Mice," Bioscience Reps., 6:845.

172.

Rizk, S.L. , C. Mold , M. Haklin and D.L. Roseman. 1986. "The Role of C-Reactive Protein and Polyarginine in Tumor Immunotherapy ," Cancer, 58:55.

173.

Parris, C.N. , J.R. Masters , M.C. Walker , B. Newman , P. Riddle and P. English. 1987. "Intravesical Chemotherapy: Combination with Tween 80 Increases Cytotoxicity in vitro, Urol. Res. , 15:17.

174.

Crispens, C. , Jr. and J.R.J. Sorenson . 1988. "Treatment of Reticulum Cell Sarcoma in SJL/J Mice with Tween 80," Anticancer Res. , 8:1341.

175.

Oda, T. and H. Maeda. 1987. "Binding to and Internalization by Cultured Cells of Neocarzinostatin and Enhancement of Its Actions by Conjugation with Lipophilic Styrene-Maleic Acid Copolymer," Cancer Res. , 47:3206.

176.

Maeda, H. and Y. Matsumara. 1989. "Tumoritropic and Lymphotropic Principles of Macromolecular Drugs;' CRC Crit. Rev. Therap. Drug. Carr. Sys., 6:193.

177.

Oda, T. , T. Morinaga and H. Maeda. 1988. "Stimulation of Macrophages by Polyanions and Its Conjugated Protein and Effect on Cell Membrane;' Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 181:9.

178.

Suzuki, F. , T. Munakata and H. Maeda. 1988. "Interferon Induction by SMANCS, a Polymer-Conjugated Derivative of Neocarzinostatin," Anticancer Res., 8:97.

179.

Suzuki, F. , R.B. Pollard and H. Maeda. 1989. " Stimulation of Nonspecific Resistance to Tumors in the Mouse Using a Poly(maleic-acid-styrene)-Conjugated Neocarzinostatin, SMANCS," Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 30:97.

180.

Suzuki, F. , R.B. Pollard , S. Uchimura , T. Munakata and H. Maeda. 1990. " Role of Natural Killer Cells and Macrophages in the Nonspecific Resistance to Tumors in Mice Stimulated with SMANCS, a Polymer-Conjugated Derivative of Neocarzinostatin," Cancer Res., 50:3897.

181.

Konno, T. and H. Maeda. 1987. "Targeting Chemotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma," in Neoplasms of the Liver. K. Okuda and J. G. Ishak , eds. New York: Springer-Verlag.

182.

Blood, C.H. and B.R. Zetter. 1990. "Tumor Interactions with the Vasculature : Angiogenesis and Tumor Metastasis," Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1032:89.

183.

Folkman, J. and M. Klagsbrun. 1987. "Angiogenic Factors;' Science, 235: 442.

184.

D'Amore, P.A. and M. Klagsbrun. 1989. In The Pathology of Neoplasia. A. E. Sirica , ed. New York: Plenum Publishing, p. 513.

185.

Zetter, B.R. 1980. "Migration of Capillary Endothelial Cells is Stimulated by Tumor Derived Factors," Nature, 285:41.

186.

Schreiber, A.B. , J. Kenney , W.J. Kowalski , R. Friesel , T. Mehlman and T. Maciag. 1985. " Interaction of Endothelial Cell Growth Factor with Heparin: Characterization by Receptor and Antibody-Recognition ," Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. , 82:6138.

187.

Thornton, S.C. , S.N. Mueller and E.M. Levine. 1983. "Human Endothelial Cells: Use of Heparin in Cloning and Long-Term Serial Cultivation," Science, 222:623.

188.

Raju, K.S. , G. Alessandri and P.M. Gullino. 1984. "Characterization of a Chemoattractant for Endothelium Induced by Angiogenesis Effectors," Cancer Res., 44:1579.

189.

Folkman, J. , R. Langer , R.J. Linhardt , C. Haudenschild and S. Taylor. 1983. "Angiogenesis Inhibition and Tumor Regression Caused by Heparin or a Heparin Fragment in the Presence of Cortisone ," Science, 221: 719.

190.

Crum, R. , S. Szabo and J. Folkman. 1985. "A New Class of Steroids Inhibits Angiogenesis in the Presence of Heparin or a Heparin Fragment," Science , 230:1375.

191.

Ingber, D.E. , J.A. Madri and J. Folkman. 1986. " A Possible Mechanism for Inhibition of Angiogenesis by Angiostatic Steroids: Induction of Capillary Basement Membrane Dissolution," Endocrinology , 119:1768.

192.

Peterson, H.I. 1986. "Tumor Angiogenesis Inhibition by Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitors," Anticancer Res., 6:251.

193.

Rong, G.H. , G. Allessandri and W.F. Sindelar. 1986. " Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis by Hexuronyl Hexosaminoglycan Sulfate," Cancer, 57:586.

194.

Sakomoto, N. , N.G. Tanaka , A. Tohgo , Y. Osada and H. Ogawa. 1987. " Inhibitory Effects of Heparin Plus Cortisone Acetate on Endothelial Cell Growth Both in Cultures and in Tumor Masses," J. Natl. Cancer Inst. , 78:581.

195.

Folkman, J. , P.B. Weisz , M.M. Joullie , W.W. Li and W.R. Ewing. 1989. " Control of Angiogenesis with Synthetic Heparin Substitutes," Science, 243:1490.

196.

Corliss, J. 1989. "Heparin Analogues: A New Family of Anticancer Drugs," J Natl. Cancer Inst., 81:1346.

197.

Stein, C.A. , R.V. LaRocca , R. Thomas , N. McAtee and C.E. Myers. 1989. " Suramin: An Anticancer Drug with a Unique Mechanism of Action," J. Clin. Oncol., 17:499.

198.

Barzu, T. , P. Molho , G. Tobelem , J.M. Petitou and J.P. Caen. 1985. "Binding and Endocytosis of Heparin by Human Endothelial Cells in Culture," Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 845:196.

199.

Lubec, G. 1986. "Interaction of N-CAM with Heparin-Like Molecules ," Nature, 323:743.

200.

Cheson, B.D. , A.M. Levine , D. Mildvan , L.D. Kaplan , P. Wolfe , A. Rios , J.E. Groopman , P. Gill , P.A. Volberding and B.J. Poiesz. 1987. " Suramin Therapy in AIDS and Related Disorders," J. Am. Med. Assoc, 248:1347.

201.

Zhang, H-X. , S. Sozzani , F. D'Alessandro , W. Luini , A. Vecchi and F. Spreafico. 1988. "Modulation by Suramin of NK and Monocytic Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Human and Murine Cells," Int. J. Immunopharmac, 10:695.

202.

Spigelman, Z. , A. Dowers , S. Kennedy , D. DiSorbo , M. O'Brien , R. Barr and R. McCaffrey. 1987. "Antiproliferative Effects of Suramin on Lymphoid Cells," Cancer Res., 47:4694.

203.

Horne, M.K. , III, C.A. Stein , R.V. LaRocca and C.E. Myers. 1988. "Circulating Glycosaminoglycan Anticoagulants Associated with Suramin Treatment," J. Am. Soc. Hematol., 71:273.

204.

Fujita, M. , D.C. Spray , H. Choi , J.C. Saez , T. Watanabe , L.C. Rosenberg , E. Hertzberg and L.M. Reid. 1987. "Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans Induce Gap Junction Expression and Restore Transcription of Tissue-Specific mRNAs in Primary Liver Cultures," Hepatology, 7:1S.

205.

Vierhapper, H. , P. Nowotny , E. Mostbeck and W. Waldhausl. 1989. "Effect of Suramin in a Patient with Adrenocortical Carcinoma," Lancet, I, p. 1207.

206.

Van Oosterom, A.T. , A.E. DeSmedt , L.J. Denis , E.A. deBruijn and C. Mahler. 1990. " Suramin for Prostatic Cancer: A Phase I/II Study in Advanced Extensively Pretreated Disease," Eur. J. Cancer, 26:422.

207.

Regelson, W. and G. Parker. 1986. "The Routinization of Intraperitoneal (Intracavity) Chemotherapy and Immunotherapy," Cancer Invest., 4:29.

208.

Regelson, W. 1986. "Advances in Intraperitoneal (Intracavity) Administration of Synthetic Polymers for Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy ," J. Bioact. Compat. Poly., 1:84.