In this research, proteins were obtained from Pongamia pinnata oil meal and subsequently converted into films and compression molded into various packaging products. Films with a maximum tensile strength of 1.9 MPa were obtained when 15% citric acid was used as the crosslinker. Minimum swelling of 120% was seen in 20% citric acid crosslinked film whereas the uncrosslinked films readily disintegrated in water. The protein films had excellent antioxidant properties with an IC50 value of 14.6 µg/ml compared to 26.9 µg/ml for the standard ascorbic acid. The pongamia protein-based bioproducts showed good activity against Bacillus cereus and Aspergillus niger. Unique properties, low cost, and large availability make pongamia proteins an ideal biopolymer for the development of green and sustainable materials and bioproducts.
NaikMMeherLNaikS, et al. Production of biodiesel from high free fatty acid Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oil. Biomass Bioenergy2008; 32(4): 354–357.
2.
TaheripourFHertelTWTynerWE, et al. Biofuels and their by-products: global economic and environmental implications. Biomass Bioenergy2010; 34(3): 278–289.
3.
ChanGMooneyDJ.New materials for tissue engineering: towards greater control over the biological response. Trends Biotechnol2008; 26(7): 382–392.
StegemannJPKaszubaSNRoweSL.Advances in vascular tissue engineering using protein-based biomaterials. Tissue Eng2007; 13(11): 2601–2613.
6.
LiuXSunQWangH, et al. Microspheres of corn protein, zein, for an ivermectin drug delivery system. Biomaterials2005; 26(1): 109–115.
7.
ReddyNJiangQYangY.Preparation and properties of peanut protein films crosslinked with citric acid. Ind Crops Prod2012; 39(2012): 26–30.
8.
ReddyNChenLYangY.Biothermoplastics from hydrolyzed and citric acid crosslinked chicken feathers. Mater Sci Eng C2013; 33(3): 1203–1208.
9.
ReddyNYangY.Potential of plant proteins for medical applications. Trends Biotechnol2011; 29(10): 490–498.
10.
XuHShenLXuL, et al. Low-temperature crosslinking of proteins using non-toxic citric acid in neutral aqueous medium: mechanism and kinetic study. Ind Crops Prod2015; 74(2015): 234–240.
11.
HuCNatarajDReddyN.Acetylation of castor meal and castor proteins for thermoplastic applications. J Polym Environ2018; 26(4): 1371–1377.
12.
VananuvatPKinsellaJE.Preparation of succinylated yeast protein: composition and solubility. Biotechnol Bioeng1978; 20(9): 1329–1344.
13.
GanCYChengLHEasaAM.Assessment of cross-linking in combined cross-linked soy protein isolate gels by microbial transglutaminase and Maillard reaction. J Food Sci2009; 74(2): C141–C146.
14.
ReddyNJiangQYangY.Novel wheat protein films as substrates for tissue engineering. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed2011; 22(15): 2063–2077.
15.
EssandohMGarciaRANiemanCM.Chemical and enzymatic protein cross-linking to improve flocculant properties. ACS Sustain Chem Eng2018; 6(10): 12946–12952.
16.
WangYMoXSunXS, et al. Soy protein adhesion enhanced by glutaraldehyde crosslink. J Appl Polym Sci2007; 104(1): 130–136.
17.
CaillardRRemondettoGEMateescuMA, et al. Characterization of amino cross-linked soy protein hydrogels. J Food Sci2008; 73(5): C283–C291.
18.
MarquiéC.Chemical reactions in cottonseed protein cross-linking by formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, and glyoxal for the formation of protein films with enhanced mechanical properties. J Agric Food Chem2001; 49(10): 4676–4681.
19.
ReddyNLiYYangY.Alkali-catalyzed low temperature wet crosslinking of plant proteins using carboxylic acids. Biotechnol Prog2009; 25(1): 139–146.
20.
GyawaliDNairPZhangY, et al. Citric acid-derived in situ crosslinkable biodegradable polymers for cell delivery. Biomaterials2010; 31(34): 9092–9105.
21.
TranRTThevenotPGyawaliD, et al. Synthesis and characterization of a biodegradable elastomer featuring a dual crosslinking mechanism. Soft Matter2010; 6(11): 2449–2461.
22.
UsharaniKNaikDManjunathaR.Pongamia pinnata (L.): composition and advantages in agriculture: a review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem2019; 8(3): 2181–2187.
23.
OrwaCMutuaAKindtR, et al. Agroforestree database: a tree reference and selection guide. Version 4. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), Nairobi (Kenya)2009.
24.
ReRPellegriniNProteggenteA, et al. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic Biol Med1999; 26(9-10): 1231–1237.
25.
BauerAWKirbyWMSherrisJC, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility testing by a standardized single disk method. Am J Clin Pathol1966; 45(4): 493–496.
26.
GorissenSHMCrombagJJRSendenJMG, et al. Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids2018; 50(12): 1685–1695.
27.
NatarajDSakkaraSMeenakshi, et al. Properties and applications of citric acid crosslinked banana fibre-wheat gluten films. Ind Crops Prod2018; 124(6): 265–272.
28.
IfebajoAO. Synthesis and characterisation of chemically crosslinked chitosan citrate gels. Gazimağusa, North Cyprus: Eastern Mediterranean University (EMU)-Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi (DAÜ), 2014.
29.
SagnellaSMai-NgamK.Chitosan based surfactant polymers designed to improve blood compatibility on biomaterials. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces2005; 42(2): 147–155.
30.
NatarajDSakkaraSMeghwalM, et al. Crosslinked chitosan films with controllable properties for commercial applications. Int J Biol Macromol2018; 120(Pt A): 1256–1264.
31.
ChopadeVTankarAPandeV, et al. Pongamia pinnata: phytochemical constituents, traditional uses and pharmacological properties: a review. Int J Green Pharm2008; 2(2): 72–75.
32.
SajidZIAnwarFShabirG, et al. Antioxidant, antimicrobial properties and phenolics of different solvent extracts from bark, leaves and seeds of Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre. Molecules2012; 17(4): 3917–3932.
33.
IqbalJZaibSFarooqU, et al. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and free radical scavenging potential of aerial parts of Periploca aphylla and Ricinus communis. ISRN Pharmacol2012; 2012: 563267–563276.
34.
WaghPRaiMDeshmukhS, et al. Bio-activity of oils of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Pongamia pinnata. Afr J Biotechnol2007; 6(13): 1592–1596.
35.
ShokriH.Evaluation of inhibitory effects of citric and tartaric acids and their combination on the growth of Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, and Malassezia furfur. Comp Clin Pathol2011; 20(5): 543–545.
SilvaRVSGonçalvesADVinhalJO, et al. Bioproducts from the pyrolysis of castor seed cake: basic dye adsorption capacity of biochar and antifungal activity of the aqueous phase. J Environ Chem Eng2021; 9(1): 104825–104839.
