An X-ray diffractometer was used to study the crystalline structure of cotton fibers after bleaching, crosslinking and a combination of bleaching and crosslinking treatments. Wet crosslinking was accomplished with formaldehyde (Form W) and dry crosslinking was carried out with either dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) or citric acid (CA). Results indicated that crosslinking of bleached cotton did not change the crystalline nature of cotton (i.e. it was Cellulose I), but did increase its degree of crystallinity when crosslinked with either DMDHEU or CA; crosslinked formaldehyde (Form W) was relatively less crystalline.
Gutherie, J.D., Chapter “The Chemistry of Lint Cotton,” Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Cotton, edited by K. Ward, Jr., Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, USA, pp. 27—28 (1955).
2.
Meyer, K.H. and Misch, L., Constitution of the crystallized part of cellulose. VI. Positions of atoms in the spatial model of cellulose, Helv. Chim. Acta, 20, 232—244 (1937).
3.
Sarna, E., and Wlochwicz, A., Changes in the superstructure and surface morphology of cotton during spinning , Textile Research Journal, 73(3), 216—220 (2003).
4.
Hsieh, Y.L., Hu, X.P., and Nguyen, A., Strength and crystalline structure of developing Acala cotton, Textile Research Journal, 67(7), 529—538 (1997).
5.
Kulshreshtha, A.K., Patel, K.F., Patel, A.R., Patel, M.M., and Baddi, N.T., Study of equatorial x-ray diffraction from fresh, undried cotton fibre at various stages of its growth, Cell. Chem. Technol.7, 343—349 ( 1973).
6.
Segal, L. and Conrad, C.M., Characterization of cellulose derivatives by means of the x-ray diffractometer , American Dyestuff Reporter, 46, 637—642 (1957).
7.
Segal L., Creely, J.J., Martin, A.E., and Conrad, C.M., An empirical method for estimating the degree of crystallinity of native cellulose using the x-ray diffractometer, Textile Research Journal, 29, 786—794 (1959).
8.
Hu, X.P. , and Hsieh, Y.L., Crystalline structure of developing cotton fibers, J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Phys. Ed.34(8), 1451—1459 (1996).
9.
O'Connor, R.T. , DuPre, E.F., and Mitchum, D., Applications of infrared absorption spectroscopy to investigations of cotton and modified cottons, Textile Research Journal, 28(5), 382—392 (1958).
10.
Newman, R.H. , and Hammingson, J.A., Determination of the degree of cellulose crystallinity in wood by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy , Holzforschung, 44, 351—355 ( 1990).
11.
Lal, G. , and Pande, A., X-ray diffraction studies of native and mercerized cotton cellulose, Colourage, 22, 21—27 (1975).
12.
Aravindanath, S., Bhama-Iyer, P., and Sreenivasan , S., Layer morphology and relation to swelling and structure. I. Cotton fibres treated in alkali metal hydroxides, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 46, 2239—2244 (1992).
13.
Niaz, A., and Tahir, K., Effect of temperature of alkali solution on mercerization, Textile Research Journal, 59, 772—774 ( 1989).
14.
Wade, R.H., and Vigo, T.L., Nature of the swollen state as determined from tensile properties after crosslinking. Effect of swelling and tension on the fine structure of cotton, Textile Research Journal, 41, 118—125 ( 1971).
15.
Xu,Weilin , Effect of crosslinking treatment on the crystallinity, crystallite size, and strength of cotton fibers, Textile Research Journal, 73(5), 433—436 ( 2003).
16.
Parikh, D.V., Bleaching cotton fibre for nonwoven applications, Book of Papers, AATCC International Conference and Exhibition, Atlanta, pp. 139—147 (1986).
17.
Kottes Andrews, B.A., Non-formaldehyde DP finishing of cotton with citric acid, Textile Chemist and Colorist, 22(9), 63— 67 (1990).
18.
Welch, C.M. , Durable press finishing without formaldehyde , Textile Chemist and Colorist, 22(5), 13—16 (1990).
19.
Chance, L., Perkins, R., and Reeves, W.A., The treatment of cotton with formaldehyde in acetic acid, acetone, and dioxane solutions, American Dyestuff Reporter, 51(16), 28—32 (1962).
20.
Reeves, W.A. , Perkins, R.M., and Chance, L.H., Cotton fabric with wet wrinkle recovery produced with formaldehyde without excessive strength loss, American Dyestuff Reporter, 49, 639—644 ( 1960).
21.
Mitchum, D. , Piccolo, B., Rowland, S.P., and O'Connor , R.T., An x-ray diffraction approach to accessibility of crosslinked cotton cellulose, Journal of Materials, 2(4), 817—828 (Dec. 1967).
22.
Chance, L.H. , Perkins, R.M., and Reeves, W.A., Formaldehyde treatment of partially swollen cotton, Textile Research Journal, 31(4), 366—376 (1961).
