Being credited with the most extensively studied polysaccharide polymer and promising candidate for versatile applications, chitosan has proved to be a standalone material with loads of diversified properties in various structural forms such as blends and composites. Considering the abundance of this biopolymer and its non-toxic nature, exploiting chitosan offers two-folded benefits – environment friendliness and fabrication as per the need. Alkaline deacetylation of chitin produces chitosan as a polymer that can be tuned to a great extent as per the requirement by altering the degree of deacetylation (DDA) and molecular weight (MW). This biopolymer has been widely investigated for potential application in the food and biomedical fields due to its antimicrobial and antibacterial properties. Chitosan based composite films incorporated with different natural extracts have shown significant enhancement in the physical and biological activities as reported by different studies. The current study reviews recent developments and investigations of chitosan based biocomposite films incorporated with different natural extracts emphasizing on the improvement of physical and biological properties and its applications.
HongMChenEYX. Future directions for sustainable polymers. Trends Chem2019; 1: 148–151.
2.
HassanBChathaSASHussainAI, et al. Recent advances on polysaccharides, lipids and protein based edible films and coatings: a review. Int J Biol Macromol2018; 109: 1095–1107.
3.
RinaudoM.Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications. Prog Polym Sci2006; 31: 603–632.
4.
RoyJSalaünFGiraudS, et al. Solubility of chitin: solvents, solution behaviors and their related mechanisms. In: XuZ (ed.) Solubility of polysaccharides. Rijeka, Croatia: InTechOpen, 2017, pp.109–127.
5.
DomardA.pH and c.d. measurements on a fully deacetylated chitosan: application to CuII—polymer interactions. Int J Biol Macromol1987; 9: 98–104.
6.
HeXLiKXingR, et al. The production of fully deacetylated chitosan by compression method. Egypt J Aquat Res2016; 42: 75–81.
7.
BarbosaMAGonçalvesICMorenoPMD, et al. 2.13 Chitosan☆. In: DucheyneP (ed.) Comprehensive biomaterials II. Oxford: Elsevier, 2017, pp.279–305.
8.
Morin-CriniNLichtfouseETorriG, et al. Fundamentals and applications of chitosan. In: CriniGLichtfouseE (eds) Sustainable agriculture reviews 35: Chitin and Chitosan: history, fundamentals and innovations. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019, pp.49–123.
9.
ParvezSRahmanMMKhanMA, et al. Preparation and characterization of artificial skin using chitosan and gelatin composites for potential biomedical application. Polym Bull2012; 69: 715–731.
10.
SongXMeiJYeG, et al. In situ pPy-modification of chitosan porous membrane from mussel shell as a cardiac patch to repair myocardial infarction. Appl Mater Today2019; 15: 87–99.
11.
DaraeiPMadaeniSSSalehiE, et al. Novel thin film composite membrane fabricated by mixed matrix nanoclay/chitosan on PVDF microfiltration support: preparation, characterization and performance in dye removal. J Membr Sci2013; 436: 97–108.
12.
ElsabeeMZAbdouES.Chitosan based edible films and coatings: a review. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl2013; 33: 1819–1841.
13.
LecetaIGuerreroPde la CabaK.Functional properties of chitosan-based films. Carbohydr Polym2013; 93: 339–346.
14.
Harish PrashanthKVTharanathanRN. Chitin/chitosan: modifications and their unlimited application potential—an overview. Trends Food Sci Technol2007; 18: 117–131.
15.
BakshiPSSelvakumarDKadirveluK, et al. Chitosan as an environment friendly biomaterial - a review on recent modifications and applications. Int J Biol Macromol2020; 150: 1072–1083.
16.
InmaculadaAMarianMRuthH, et al. Functional characterization of chitin and chitosan. Curr Chem Biol2009; 3: 203–230.
17.
DashMChielliniFOttenbriteRM, et al. Chitosan—a versatile semi-synthetic polymer in biomedical applications. Prog Polym Sci2011; 36: 981–1014.
18.
Rong HueiCHwaH-D. Effect of molecular weight of chitosan with the same degree of deacetylation on the thermal, mechanical, and permeability properties of the prepared membrane. Carbohydr Polym1996; 29: 353–358.
19.
TianMTanHLiH, et al. Molecular weight dependence of structure and properties of chitosan oligomers. RSC Adv2015; 5: 69445–69452.
20.
TsaihMLChenRH.The effect of reaction time and temperature during heterogenous alkali deacetylation on degree of deacetylation and molecular weight of resulting chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci2003; 88: 2917–2923.
21.
LvSH. 7 - High-performance superplasticizer based on chitosan. In: Pacheco-TorgalFIvanovVKarakN, et al. (eds) Biopolymers and biotech admixtures for eco-efficient construction materials. X’ian, China: Woodhead Publishing, 2016, pp.131–150.
22.
YiHWuL-QBentleyWE, et al. Biofabrication with chitosan. Biomacromolecules2005; 6: 2881–2894.
23.
HammanJH.Chitosan based polyelectrolyte complexes as potential carrier materials in drug delivery systems. Mar Drugs2010; 8: 1305–1322.
24.
Nilsen-NygaardJStrandSPVårumKM, et al. Chitosan: gels and interfacial properties. Polymers2015; 7: 552–579.
25.
WangQZChenXGLiuN, et al. Protonation constants of chitosan with different molecular weight and degree of deacetylation. Carbohydr Polym2006; 65: 194–201.
OthmanSHOthmanNFShapi’iRA, et al. Corn starch/chitosan nanoparticles/thymol bio-nanocomposite films for potential food packaging applications. Polymers2021; 13: 390.
28.
MedinaECaroNAbugochL, et al. Chitosan thymol nanoparticles improve the antimicrobial effect and the water vapour barrier of chitosan-quinoa protein films. J Food Eng2019; 240: 191–198.
29.
KalaycıoğluZTorlakEAkın-EvingürG, et al. Antimicrobial and physical properties of chitosan films incorporated with turmeric extract. Int J Biol Macromol2017; 101: 882–888.
30.
ZhangLZhangZChenY, et al. Chitosan and procyanidin composite films with high antioxidant activity and pH responsivity for cheese packaging. Food Chem2021; 338: 128013.
31.
LiYWuKWangB, et al. Colorimetric indicator based on purple tomato anthocyanins and chitosan for application in intelligent packaging. Int J Biol Macromol2021; 174: 370–376.
32.
MuhammadIMuhammad AliSSaqibA, et al. Biological importance of essential oils. In: El-ShemyHA (ed.) Essential oils-oils of nature. London: IntechOpen, 2020, pp.37–50.
33.
ElshamySKhadizatulKUemuraK, et al. Chitosan-based film incorporated with essential oil nanoemulsion foreseeing enhanced antimicrobial effect. J Food Sci Technol. Epub ahead of print 22 January 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-020-04888-3.
34.
Lozano-NavarroJIDíaz-ZavalaNPMelo-BandaJA, et al. Chitosan–starch films modified with natural extracts to remove heavy oil from water. Water2020; 12: 17.
35.
Ahmad KhanMSAhmadI. Chapter 1 - Herbal medicine: current trends and future prospects. In: Ahmad KhanMSAhmadIChattopadhyayD (eds) New look to phytomedicine. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press, 2019, pp.3–13.
36.
KusumKRam BabuSShwetaA.Natural polymers and their applications. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res2016; 37: 30–36.
37.
RabeaEIBadawyMETStevensCV, et al. Chitosan as antimicrobial agent: applications and mode of action. Biomacromolecules2003; 4: 1457–1465.
38.
LanWWangSZhangZ, et al. Development of red apple pomace extract/chitosan-based films reinforced by TiO2 nanoparticles as a multifunctional packaging material. Int J Biol Macromol2021; 168: 105–115.
39.
KadamAASinghSGaikwadKK.Chitosan based antioxidant films incorporated with pine needles (Cedrus deodara) extract for active food packaging applications. Food Control2021; 124: 107877.
40.
LiuTLiuLGongX, et al. Fabrication and comparison of active films from chitosan incorporating different spice extracts for shelf life extension of refrigerated pork. LWT2021; 135: 110181.
41.
SuLHuangJLiH, et al. Chitosan-riboflavin composite film based on photodynamic inactivation technology for antibacterial food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol2021; 172: 231–240.
42.
CaiLWangY.Physicochemical and antioxidant properties based on fish sarcoplasmic protein/chitosan composite films containing ginger essential oil nanoemulsion. Food Bioproc Tech2021; 14: 151–163.
43.
ZhangXLiYGuoM, et al. Antimicrobial and UV blocking properties of composite chitosan films with curcumin grafted cellulose nanofiber. Food Hydrocoll2021; 112: 106337.
44.
AmorGSabbahMCaputoL, et al. Basil essential oil: composition, antimicrobial properties, and microencapsulation to produce active chitosan films for food packaging. Foods2021; 10: 121.
45.
Barragán-MenéndezCGálvez-LópezDRosas-QuijanoR, et al. Films of chitosan and aloe vera for maintaining the viability and antifungal activity of lactobacillus paracasei TEP6. Coatings2020; 10: 259.
46.
HasanMRusmanRKhaldunI, et al. Active edible sugar palm starch-chitosan films carrying extra virgin olive oil: barrier, thermo-mechanical, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. Int J Biol Macromol2020; 163: 766–775.
47.
SouzaV-G-LRodriguesP-FDuarteM-P, et al. Antioxidant migration studies in chitosan films incorporated with plant extracts. J Renew Mater2018; 6: 548–558.
48.
WangLLiuFJiangY, et al. Synergistic antimicrobial activities of natural essential oils with chitosan films. J Agric Food Chem2011; 59: 12411–12419.
49.
OuattaraBSimardREPietteG, et al. Inhibition of surface spoilage bacteria in processed meats by application of antimicrobial films prepared with chitosan. Int J Food Microbiol2000; 62: 139–148.
50.
ComaVMartial-GrosAGarreauS, et al. Edible antimicrobial films based on chitosan matrix. J Food Sci2002; 67: 1162–1169.
51.
YounesIRinaudoM.Chitin and chitosan preparation from marine sources. Structure, properties and applications. Mar Drugs2015; 13: 1133–1174.
52.
KongMChenXGXingK, et al. Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: a state of the art review. Int J Food Microbiol2010; 144: 51–63.
53.
GoyRCBrittoDdAssisOBG. A review of the antimicrobial activity of chitosan. Polímeros2009; 19: 241–247.
54.
ZhengL-YZhuJ-F.Study on antimicrobial activity of chitosan with different molecular weights. Carbohydr Polym2003; 54: 527–530.
55.
RaafatDSahlH-G.Chitosan and its antimicrobial potential – a critical literature survey. Microb Biotechnol2009; 2: 186–201.
56.
YounesISellimiSRinaudoM, et al. Influence of acetylation degree and molecular weight of homogeneous chitosans on antibacterial and antifungal activities. Int J Food Microbiol2014; 185: 57–63.
57.
Fei LiuXLin GuanYZhi YangD, et al. Antibacterial action of chitosan and carboxymethylated chitosan. J Appl Polym Sci2001; 79: 1324–1335.
58.
ZivanovicSChiSDraughonAF.Antimicrobial activity of chitosan films enriched with essential oils. J Food Sci2005; 70: M45–M51.
59.
TorlakENizamlioğluM.Antimicrobial effectiveness of chitosan-essential oil coated plastic films against foodborne pathogens. J Plast Film Sheeting2011; 27: 235–248.
60.
PelissariFMGrossmannMVEYamashitaF, et al. Antimicrobial, mechanical, and barrier properties of cassava starch−chitosan films incorporated with oregano essential oil. J Agric Food Chem2009; 57: 7499–7504.
61.
AkyuzLKayaMIlkS, et al. Effect of different animal fat and plant oil additives on physicochemical, mechanical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan films. Int J Biol Macromol2018; 111: 475–484.
62.
HafsaJSmachMBen KhedherMR, et al. Physical, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of chitosan films containing Eucalyptus globulus essential oil. LWT Food Sci Technol2016; 68: 356–364.
63.
ParkBKKimM-M.Applications of chitin and its derivatives in biological medicine. Int J Mol Sci2010; 11: 5152–5164.
64.
PaulH.An introduction to reactive oxygen species measurement of ROS in cells. Winooski, VT: BioTek Instruments, 2012.
65.
BirbenESahinerUMSackesenC, et al. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J2012; 5: 9–19.
66.
XieWXuPLiuQ.Antioxidant activity of water-soluble chitosan derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett2001; 11: 1699–1701.
67.
TamerMTKatarinaVMohamed SamirM, et al. Free radical scavenger activity of chitosan and its aminated derivative. J Appl Pharm Sci2016; 6: 195–201.
68.
XingRLiuSGuoZ, et al. Relevance of molecular weight of chitosan and its derivatives and their antioxidant activities in vitro. Bioorg Med Chem2005; 13: 1573–1577.
69.
WangQTianFFengZ, et al. Antioxidant activity and physicochemical properties of chitosan films incorporated with Lycium barbarum fruit extract for active food packaging. Int J Food Sci Technol2015; 50: 458–464.
