A biofilm-like scaffold with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC) encapsulated in situ was constructed on a titanium surface using a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique for the potential application for dental or joint implant. The scaffold was formed by depositing a single layer of positively charged poly(L-lysine) on a negatively charged NaOH-treated titanium substrate, followed by alternate immersion into a negatively charged alginate—BMSC suspension and positively charged chitosan solution, respectively, and terminated a layer of chitosan. The cell-encapsulated scaffolds were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The BMSC remained viable and grew well in the scaffold. This approach provides a method for the preparation of tissue engineering scaffold on titanium surfaces.
Vanzillotta, P.S., Sader, M.S., Bastos , I.N. and deAlmeida Soares, G. (2006 ). Improvement of In Vitro Titanium Bioactivity by Three Different Surface Treatments , Dental Mater., 22(3): 275-282.
2.
Cotogno, G., Holzwarth, U., Franchi, M., Rivetti, S. and Chiesa, R. (2006). Tribological Characterization of Surface-treated Commercially Pure Titanium for Femoral Heads in Total Hip Replacement: A Feasibility Study, Int. J. Artif. Organs., 29(12): 1174-1184.
3.
Albrektsson, T. and Jacobsson, M. (1987). Bone-Metal Interface in Osseointegration, J. Prosthet. Dent., 57(5): 597-607.
4.
Pitaru, S. and Noff, M. (1993). The Development of a Novel Implant: Induction of a Non-rigid and Self-renewing Anchorage of Artificial Implants to Bone, Clin. Mater., 13(1-4): 29-34.
5.
Curtis, D.A. , Sharma, A., Finzen, F.C. and Kao, R.T. (2000). Occlusal Considerations for Implant Restorations in the Partially Edentulous Patient, J. Calif. Dent. Assoc. , 28(10): 771-779.
6.
Pittenger, M.F. , Mackay, A.M., Beck , S.C., Jaiswal, R.K., Douglas, R., Mosca, J.D. et al. (1999 ). Multilineage Potential of Adult Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells , Science, 284(5411): 143-147.
7.
Kyriakidou, K., Lucarini, G., Zizzi , A., Salvolini, E., Mattioli Belmonte , M. et al. ( 2008). Dynamic Co-Seeding of Osteoblast and Endothelial Cells on 3D Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Enhanced Bone Tissue Engineering, J. Bioact. Compat. Polym., 23(3): 227-243.
8.
Torres, F.G. , Nazhat, S.N., Sheikh , M.d. , Fadzullah, S.H., Maquet, V. and Boccaccini, A.R. (2007). Mechanical Properties and Bioactivity of Porous PLGA/TiO2 Nanoparticle-filled Composites for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds, Comp. Sci. Technol. , 67(6): 1139-1147.
9.
Lopez-Heredia, M.A., Sohier, J., Gaillard , C., Quillard, S., Dorget, M. and Layrolle, P. (2008). Rapid Prototyped Porous Titanium Coated with Calcium Phosphate as a Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering , Biomaterials, 29(17): 2608-2615.
10.
Anseth, K.S. , Metters, A.T., Bryant , S.J., Martens, P.J., Elisseeff, J.H. and Bowman, C.N. (2002). In Situ Forming Degradable Networks and their Application in Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery, J. Control. Release., 78(1-3): 199-209.
11.
Van Tomme, S.R. and Hennink, W.E. (2007). Biodegradable Dextran Hydrogels for Protein Delivery Applications, ExpertRev. Med. Devices, 4(2): 147-164.
12.
Li, Q.-L. , Huang, N., Chen , J., Chen, C. and Chen, J. (2009). Endothelial Cell and Platelet Behavior on Titanium Modified with a Mutilayer of Polyelectrolytes , J. Bioact. Compat. Polym., 24(2): 129-150.
13.
Wittmer, C.R. , Phelps, J.A., Lepus , C.M., Saltzman, W.M., Harding, M.J. and Van Tassel , P.R. (2008). Multilayer Nanofilms as Substrates for Hepatocellular Applications , Biomaterials, 29(30): 4082-4090.
14.
Jessica, M.R. , Mano, J., Grech , J.F. and Reis, R.L. (2008). Chitosan Beads as Templates for Layer-by-Layer Assembly and their Application in the Sustained Release of Bioactive Agents, J. Bioact. Compat. Polym., 23(4): 367-380.
15.
Kirsebom, H. , Aguilar, M.R., Roman, J.S., Fernandez, M., Prieto, M.A. and Bondar, B. (2007). Macroporous Scaffolds Based on Chitosan and Bioactive Molecules, J. Bioact. Compat. Polym., 22(6): 621-636.
16.
Yang, Y., He, Q., Duan, L., Cui, Y. and Li, J. (2007). Assembled Alginate/ Chitosan Nanotubes for Biological Application, Biomaterials, 28(20): 3083-3090.
17.
Dang, J.M. and Leong, K.W. (2006). Natural Polymers for Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Adv. Drug Del. Rev., 58(4): 487-499.
Park, J.K. and Chang, H.N. (2000). Microencapsulation of Microbial Cells, Biotechnol . Adv., 18(4): 303-319.
20.
Maniatopoulos, C., Sodek, J. and Melcher, A.H. (1988). Bone Formation In Vitro by Stromal Cells Obtained from Bone Marrow of Young Adult Rats, Cell. Tissue. Res., 254(2): 317-330.
21.
Bancel, S. and Hu, W.S. (1996). Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy Examination of Cell Distribution in Macroporous Microcarriers, Biotechnol. Prog., 12(3): 398-402.
22.
Quinn, A., Such, G.K., Quinn, J.F. and Caruso, F. (2008). Polyelectrolyte Blend Multilayers: A Versatile Route to Engineering Interfaces and Films, Adv. Funct. Mater. , 18(1): 17-26.
23.
Hughes Wassell, D.T. and Embery, G. (1996). Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin on to Titanium Powder, Biomaterials , 17(9): 859-864.
24.
Baier, R.E. , De Palma , V.A., Coupil, D.W. and Cohen, E. (1985). Human Platelet Spreading on Substrata of Known Surface Chemistry, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 19(9): 1157-1167.
25.
Niinomi, M. (2003). Recent Research and Development in Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Applications and Healthcare Goods, Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater., 4(5): 445-454.
26.
Seo, B.M. , Miura, M., Gronthos , S., Bartold, P.M., Batouli, S., Brahim, J. et al. (2004). Investigation of Multipotent Postnatal Stem Cells from Human Periodontal Ligament , Lancet, 364(9429): 149-155.
27.
Majima, T., Funakosi, T., Iwasaki, N., Yamane, S.T., Harada, K., Nonaka, S. et al. (2005). Alginate and Chitosan Polyion Complex Hybrid Fibers for Scaffolds in Ligament and Tendon Tissue Engineering, J. Orthop. Sci., 10(3): 302-307.
