Endothelial cell seeding, a promising method for improving the performance of vascular grafts, often requires immobilizing biological molecules on the surface of the substrate material. In this study, chitosan (CS) and sulfated chitosan (SCS) multilayers were coated on pure titanium using a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique. The CS—SCS multilayer growth was carried out by first depositing a single layer of positively charged poly(L-lysine) (PLL) on the NaOHtreated titanium substrate, followed by alternate deposition of negatively charged SCS and positively charged CS, and terminated by an outermost layer of SCS. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and endothelial cells were seeded on NaOH treated titanium and CS—SCS coated titanium samples, respectively, to evaluate the adhesion and activation of platelets and the behavior of endothelial cells in vitro. The multilayer processed surfaces displayed reduced platelet adhesion and activation, and promoted endothelial cell attachment and growth in vitro. This approach may be used for the fabrication of titanium-based vascular implant surfaces for endothelial promotion.
Li, C., Hill, A., Imran, M. and Tio, F. (2004). Peptide-coated Vascular Grafts: An In Vivo Study in Sheep, Hemodialysis Inter., 8: 360-367.
2.
Tirrell, M., Kokkoli, E. and Biesalski, M. (2002). The Role of Surface Science in Bioengineered Materials, Surf. Sci., 500: 61-83.
3.
Yan, Y., Wang, X.H., Yin, D. and Zhang, R. (2007). A New Polyurethane/ Heparin Vascular Graft for Small-caliber Vein Repair, J. Bioact. Compat. Polym., 22: 323-341.
4.
David, C., Six, J.-L., Léonard, M., Dellacherie, E., Faivre, B., Bonneaux, F. et al. (2008). Synthesis and In Vivo Studies of Protein C-loaded Nanoparticles with PEO Modified Surfaces, J. Bioact. Compat. Polym., 23: 49-68.
5.
Hong, J., Andersson, J., Ekdahl, K.N., Elgue, G., Axen, N., Larsson, R. et al. (1999). Titanium is a Highly Thrombogenic Biomaterial: Possible Implications for Osteogenesis, Thromb. Haemost., 82: 58-64.
6.
Kumari, T.V. , Anil Kumar, P.R., Muraleedharan , C.V., Bhuvaneshwar, G.S., Sampeur, Y., Derangere, F. et al. (2002 ). In Vitro Cytocompatibility Studies of Diamond Like Carbon Coatings on Titanium, Biomed. Mater. Eng., 12: 329-38.
7.
Leng, Y.X., Yang, P., Chen, J.Y., Sun, H., Wang, J., Wang, G.J. et al. (2001). Fabrication of Ti O Ti N Duplex Coatings on Biomedical Titanium Alloys by Metal Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation and Reactive Plasma Nitriding Oxidation, Surf. Coat. Technol. , 138: 296-300.
8.
Bruni, S., Martinesi, M., Stio, M., Treves, C., Bacci, T. and Borgioli, F. (2005). Effects of Surface Treatment of Ti-6Al-4V Titanium Alloy on Biocompatibility in Cultured Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial, Acta . Biomater., 1: 223-234.
9.
Plant, S.D., Grant, D.M. and Leach, L. (2005). Behaviour of Human Endothelial Cells on Surface Modified NiTi Alloy, Biomaterials, 26: 5359-5367.
10.
Takemoto, S. , Yamamoto, T., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S., Osaka, A. and Takashima, S. (2004). Platelet Adhesion on Titanium Oxide Gels: Effect of Surface Oxidation, Biomaterials , 25: 3485-3492.
11.
Takemoto, S. , Tsuru, K., Hayakawa , S., Osaka, A. and Takashima, S. (2001). Highly Blood Compatible Titanium Gels, J. Sol.-Gel Sci. Technol. , 21: 97-104.
12.
Tamada, Y., Kulik, E.A. and Ikada, Y. (1995). Simple Method for Platelet Counting, Biomaterials, 16: 259-261.
13.
Nanci, A., Wuest, J.D., Peru, L., Brunet, P., Sharma, V., Zalzal, S. et al. (1998). Chemical Modification of Titanium Surfaces for Covalent Attachment of Biological Molecules, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 40: 324-335.
14.
Liu, Q. , Ding, J., Mante , F.K.L., Wunder, S. and Baran, G.R. (2002). The Role of Surface Functional Groups in Calcium Phosphate Nucleation on Titanium Foil: A Self-assembled Monolayer Technique, Biomaterials, 23: 3103-3111.
15.
Cai, K. , Rechtenbach, A., Hao , J., Bossert, J. and Jandt, K.D. (2005). Polysaccharide-protein Surface Modification of Titanium Via a Layer-by-layer Technique: Characterization and Cell Behaviour Aspects, Biomaterials , 26: 5960-5971.
Khor, E. and Lee, Y.L. (2003). Implantable Applications of Chitin and Chitosan , Biomaterials, 24: 2339-2349.
18.
Grech, J.M.R. , Mano, J.F. and Reis, R.L. (2008). Chitosan Beads as Templates for Layer-by-Layer Assembly and their Application in the Sustained Release of Bioactive Agents, J. Bioact. Compat. Polym., 23: 367-380.
19.
Amiji, M.M. (1995). Permeability and Blood Compatibility Properties of Chitosan-poly(Ethylene Oxide) Blend Membrane for Hemodialysis, Biomaterials, 16: 593-599.
20.
Beena, M.S. , Chandy, T. and Sharma, C.P. (1995). Heparin Immobilized Chitosan-poly Ethylene Glycol Interpenetrating Network: Antithrombogenicity, Artif. Cells Blood Substit. Immobil. Biotechnol., 23: 175-192.
21.
Vongchan, P. , Sajomsang, W., Subyen, D. and Kongtawelert , P. (2002). Anticoagulant Activity of a Sulfated Chitosan. Carbohyd Res. , 337: 1233-1236.
22.
Amiji, M.M. (1998). Platelet Adhesion and Activation on an Amphoteric Chitosan Derivative Bearing Sulfonate Groups, Colloid. Surfaces B, 10: 263-271.
23.
Li, Q.L. , Huang, N., Wan, G.J., Zhao, L.S. and Tang, X.Y. (2007). Ultra-thin Film of Chitosan and Sulfated Chitosan Coating on Titanium Oxide by Layer-by-layer Self-assembly Method, Key Eng. Mater., 330-332: 645-648.
24.
Amzazade, A. , Sklyar, A., Nasiboy, S., Sushkov, I., Shashkov, A. and Knirel, Yu. (1997). Structural Features of Sulfated Chitosan, Carbohyd. Polym., 34: 113-116.
25.
Seifert, B., Romaniuk, P. and Groth, Th. (1997). Covalent Immobilization of Hirudin Improves the Haemocompatibilitv of Poiylactide-polyglycolide In Vitro, Biomoterials, 18: 1495-1502.
26.
Jaffe, E.A. , Nachman, L., Becker , C.G. and Minick, C.R. (1973). Culture of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells Derived from Umbilical Veins , J. Clin. Invest., 52: 2745-2756.
27.
Jansson, E. and Tengvall, P. (2004). Adsorption of Albumin and IgG to Porous and Smooth Titanium, Colloid Surfaces B , 35: 45-51.
28.
Kennedy, J.F. , Barker, S. Alan. and Humphreys , J.D. (1976). Microbial Cells Living Immobilised on Metal Hydroxides, Nature , 261: 242-244.
29.
Hughes, D.T. and Wassell, Embery G. (1996). Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin on to Titanium Powerder, Biomaterials , 17: 859-864.
30.
Feng, B., Weng, J., Yang, B.C., Chen, J.Y., Zhao, J.Z. et al. (2003). Surface Characterization of Titanium and Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin, Mater Charact, 49: 129-137.
31.
Hansson, K.M. , Tosatti, S., Isaksson , J., Wettero, J., Textor Marcus, Lindahl Tomas , L. et al. ( 2005). Whole Blood Coagulation on Protein Adsorption-resistant PEG and Peptide Functionalised PEG-coated Titanium Surfaces, Biomaterials, 26: 861-872.
32.
Baier, R.E. , DePalma, V.A., Coupil , D.W. and Cohen, E. (1985). Human Platelet Spreading on Substrata of Known Surface Chemistry, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 19: 1157-1167.
33.
Park, K., Mao, F.W. and Park, H. (1990). Morphological Characterization of Surface-induced Platelet Activation, Biomaterials, 2: 24-31.
34.
Otto, M., Franzen, A., Hansen, T. and Kirkpatrick, C.J. (2004). Modification of Human Platelet Adhesion on Biomaterial Surfaces by Protein Preadsorption Under Static and Flow Conditions, J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. in Med., 15: 35-42.
35.
Okkema, A.Z. , Yu, X.H. and Cooper, S.L. (1991). Physical and Blood Contacting Characteristics of Propylsulphonate Grafted Biomer, Biomaterials, 12: 3-12.
36.
Santerre, J.P. , ten Houve, P. and Brash, J.L. (1992). Polyurethanes Bearing Pendant Amino Acids: Fibrinogen Adsorption and Coagulant Properties, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 26: 1003-1018.
37.
Hamano, T., Chiba, D., Nakatsuka, K., Nagahata, M., Teramoto, A., Kondo, Y. et al. (2002). Evaluation of Polyelectrolyte Complex (PEC) Composed of Chitin Derivatives and Chitosan, Which Promotes the Rat Calvarial Osteoblast Differention, Polym. Adv. Technol., 13: 46-53.
38.
Matsuda, N., Horikawa, M., Yoshida, M., Watanabe, M., Nagahata, M., Teramoto, A. et al. (2003). Enhanced DNA Synthesis Accompanied by Constitutive Phosphorylation of the ERK Pathway in Human Fibroblasts Cultured on a Polyelectrolyte Complex, Biomaterials, 24: 4771-4747.
39.
Hamano, T., Teramoto, A., Iizuka, E. and Abe, K. (1998). Effects of Polyelectrolyte Complex (PEC) on Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast (HPLF) Function. I. Three-dimensional Structure of HPLF Cultured on PEC, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41: 257-269.
40.
Hamano, T., Teramoto, A., Iizuka, E. and Abe, K. (1998). Effects of Polyelectrolyte Complex (PEC) on Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblast (HPLF) Function. II. Enhancement of HPLF Differentiation and Aggregation on PEC by L-ascorbic Acid and Dexamethasone, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 41: 270-277.
41.
Nagahata, M. , Nakaoka, R., Teramoto , A., Abe , K. and Tsuchiya, T. (2005). The Response of Normal Human Osteoblasts to Anionic Polysaccharide Polyelectrolyte Complexes, Biomaterials, 26: 5138-5144.
42.
Kurotobi, K. , Suzuki, Y., Kaibara , M., Iwaki, M., Nakajima, H. and Suzuki, H. (2003). In Vitro and In Vivo Study of Ion Implanted Collagen for the Substrate of Small Diameter Artificial Grafts, Artif. Organs, 27: 582-585.
