Literature on snowball sampling and other ascending methodologies (intensive data collection methodologies) is widely scattered. In order to indicate a structure in the diversity of articles, snowball sampling and other ascending methodologies are embedded in the general concept of link-tracing methodologies. From this point of view link-tracing methodologies are considered as tools for analysing social structure and for locating members of special populations. By introducing a new theoretical concept for defining special populations, a subdivision is made in link-tracing methodologies as a tool to locate rare populations and as a tool to locate hidden populations.
Marsden, P.V. ( 1990). "Network data and measurement". Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 435-463.
8.
Meter van, K.M. ( 1990a). "Methodological and design issues: Techniques for assessing the representatives of snowball sampling. The collection and interpretation of data from hidden populations", NIDA Research Monograph 98, Rockville.
9.
Meter van, K.M. ( 1990b). "Sampling and cross-classification analysis in international social research". Sage studies in international sociology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
10.
Moreno, J.L. & Jennings, H.H. ( 1938). "Statistics of social configurations". Sociometry, 2, 342-374.
11.
Sudman, S. ( 1976). Applied Sampling, Academic Press. New York.
12.
Avico, U., C.D. Kaplan, D. Korczak & K.M. van Meter ( 1988). Cocaine epidemiology in three european community cities: A pilot study using a snowball sampling methodology. Research report, Cocaine Steering Group, Health Directorate, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels (Feb.).
13.
Bloemena, A.R. ( 1976). "Sampling from a graph". Mathemathical Centre Tracts, Amsterdam.
14.
Frank, O. ( 1971). "Statistical inference in graphs". FOA Repro, Stockholm.
15.
Frank, O. ( 1977). "Survey sampling in graphs". Journal of Statistical Planning and Inference, 235-264.
16.
Frank, O. ( 1978). "Sampling and estimation in large social networks". Social Networks, 1, 91-101.
17.
Granovetter, M. ( 1976). "Network sampling: some first steps". American Journal of Sociology, 81, 1267-1303.
18.
Klovdahl, A.S. ( 1977). "Social networks in an urban area: First Canberra study ". Australian and New Zealand Journal of Sociology, 13, 169-175.
19.
Klovdahl, A.S. ( 1989). "Urban social networks: some methodological problems and possibilities". In: The Small World, ed. Kochen, M.,Norwood, New Jersey, chapter 10.
20.
Klovdahl, A.S. ( 1990). "Large urban social networks: a new method of observation ". Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, August 11-15, Washington.
21.
Klovdahl, A.S. ( 1992). "Sampling social networks: a simple approach to a difficult question". Paper presented at the workshop on generalizability questions for snowball sampling and other ascending methodologies, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, February 20-21, 1992.
22.
Rapoport, A. ( 1953). "Spread of information through a population with sociostructural bias: I. the assumption of transitivity". Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 15, 523-533.
23.
Rapoport, A. ( 1979). "A probabilistic approach to networks". Social Networks, 2, 1-18.
24.
TenHouten, W.D., J. Stern and D. TenHouten ( 1971). "Political leadership in poor communities: applications of two sampling methodologies". Urban Affairs Annual Review , 5, 215-254.
25.
Birnbaum, Z.W. & Sirken, M.G. ( 1965). "Design of sample surveys to estimate the prevalence of rare diseases: three unbiased estimates". Vital and Health Statistics Series, Series 2, No. 11, 1-8.
26.
Casady, R.J., G. Nathan & M.G. Sirken ( 1985). "Alternative dual system network estimators". International Statistical Review, 53, 183-197.
27.
Ericksen, E.P. ( 1976). "Sampling a rare population: A case study". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 71, 816-822.
28.
Kalton, G. & Anderson, D.W. ( 1986). "Sampling rare populations". Journal of the Royal Statical Society, A, 149, 65-82.
29.
Levy, P.S. ( 1977). "Optimum allocation in stratified random network sampling for estimating the prevalence of attributes in rare populations". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 72, 758-763.
30.
Nathan, G. ( 1976). "An empiral study of response and sampling errors for multiplicity estimates with different counting rules". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 71, 808-815.
31.
Sirken, M.G. ( 1970). "Household surveys with multiplicity". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 65, 257-266.
Sirken, M.G. ( 1972b). "Stratified sample surveys with multiplicity". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 67, 224-227.
34.
Sirken, M.G. ( 1973). "Design of household sample surveys to test death registration completeness". Demography, 10, No. 3, 469-477.
35.
Sirken, M.G. ( 1974). "The counting rule strategy in sample surveys". Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, 119-123.
36.
Sirken, M.G. & Levy, P.S. ( 1974). "Multiplicity estimation of proportions based on ratios of random variables". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 69, 68-73.
37.
Sirken, M.G., Graubard, B.I. & McDaniel, M.J. ( 1978). "National network surveys of diabetes". Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, 631-635.
38.
Sirken, M.G. ( 1980). "Effects of counting rules and estimators on the data requirements in a national hospital patient survey". Proceedings of the Social Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, 177-178.
39.
Sirken, M.G. ( 1983). "Handling missing data by network sampling". Incomplete data in sample surveys. New York: Academic Press, Vol. 2, part II, 81-90.
40.
Sirken, M.G. & Nathan, G. ( 1988). "Hybrid network estimators". Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 459-461.
41.
Snow, R.E., J.D. Hutcheson & J.E. Prather ( 1981). "Using reputational sampling to identify residential clusters of minorities dispersed in a large urban region: Hispanics in Atlanta, Georgia". Proceedings of the Section on Survey Research Methods, American Statistical Association, 101-106.
42.
Sudman, S. ( 1962). "On sampling of very rare human populations". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 67, 335-339.
43.
Sudman, S. & Kalton, G. ( 1986). "New developments in the sampling of special populations ". Annual Review of Sociology, 12, 401-429.
Welch, S. ( 1975). "Sampling by referral in a dispersed population". Public Opinion Quarterly, 39, 237-245.
46.
Arnold, D.O. ( 1970). "Dimensional sampling: An approach for studying a small number of cases". The American Sociologist, 147-150.
47.
Berk, R.A. & S.C. Ray ( 1982). "Selection biases in sociological data". Social Science Research, 11, 352-398.
48.
Berk, R.A. ( 1983). "An introduction to sample selection bias in sociological data". American Sociological Review, 48, 386-398.
49.
Borman, K.M., M.D. LeCompte & J. Preissle Goetz ( 1986). "Ethnographic and qualitative research design and why it doesn't work". American Behavioral Scientist, 30, 42-57.
50.
Deaux, E. & J.W. Callaghan ( 1984). "Estimating statewide health-risk behavior: A comparison of telephone and key informant survey approaches". Evaluation Review, 8, 467-492.
51.
Deaux, E. & J.W. Callaghan ( 1985). "Key informant versus self-report estimates of health-risk behavior". Evaluation Review, 9, 365-368.
Kaplan, C.D., D. Korf & C. Sterk ( 1987). "Temporal and social context of heroin-using populations: an illustration of the snowball sampling technique". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, No. 9, 566-574.
54.
Krenz, C. & G. Sax ( 1986). "What quantitative research is and why it doesn't work ". American Behavioral Scientist, 30, 58-69.
55.
Laumann, E.O., J.H. Gagnon, R.T. Michael & J.S. Coleman ( 1989). "Monitoring the AIDS Epidemic in the United States: A network approach". Science, 244, 1186-1189.
56.
Lorenz, E. ( 1985). '''Small-World' experimente: eine selten eingesetze methode - der empirischen sozialforschung". Angewandte Sozialforschung , 13, 381-386.
57.
Morrison, V.L. ( 1988). "Observation and snowballing: Useful tools for research into illicit drug use?" Social Pharmacology, 2(3), 247-271.
58.
Myers, V. ( 1977). "Toward a synthesis of ethnographic and survey methods ". Human Organization, 36, No. 3, 244-251.
59.
Nida (1990). The collection and Interpretation of data from hidden populations. NIDA Research Monograph, Rockville.
60.
Schmeidler, J. ( 1990). "Weighting procedures for ethnographic random samples ". Bulletin de méthodologie sociologique, 29, 15-24.
61.
Smith, T.M.F. ( 1983). "On the validity of inferences from Non-random samples ". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, A, 146, 394-403.
62.
Sola Pool, I. & M. Kochen ( 1978/79). "Contacts and influence". Social Networks , 1, 5-51.
63.
Watters, J.K.& Biernacki, P. ( 1989). "Targeted sampling: Options for the study of hidden populations ". Social Problems, 36, 416-430.
64.
In this appendix a brief list of references is given of more statistical articles on the subject of snowball samples. Also a few relevant articles concerning networks are included.
65.
Bernard, H.R., E.C. Johnsen, P.D. Killworth & S. Robinson ( 1991). "Estimating the size of an average personal network and of an event subpopulation: some empirical results". Social Science Research, 20, 109-121.
66.
Berg, S. ( 1974). "Factorial series distributions with application to catch-recapture problems". Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 1, 145-152.
67.
Berg, S. ( 1981). "On snowball sampling, random mappings and related problems ". Journal of Applied Probability, 18, 283-290.
68.
Berg, S. ( 1983). "Random contact processes, snowball sampling and factorial series distributions". Journal of Applied Probability, 20, 31-46.
69.
Cane, V.R. ( 1966). "A note on the size of epidemics and the number of people hearing a rumour". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B, 28, 487-490.
70.
Frank, O. ( 1979). "Estimation of population totals by use of snowball samples ". In: Perspectives on Social Network Research. Ed. P. Holland, P. and S. Holland , Academic Press, New York, 319-347.
71.
Frank, O., S. Lundquist, B. Wellman & C. Wilson ( 1986). "Analysis of composition and structure of social networks ". Department of Statistics, University of Stockholm, Sweden.
72.
Frank, O. ( 1988). "Random sampling and social networks: a survey of various approaches". Department of Statistics, University of Stockholm , Sweden.
73.
Frank, O. & Snijders, T.A.B. ( 1992). "Estimating the size of a hidden population by use of snowball samples". In preparation.
74.
Johnson, J.C., J.S. Boster & D. Holbert ( 1989). "Estimating relational attributes from snowball samples through simulation". Social Networks, 11, 135-158.
75.
Killworth, P.D., E.C. Johnsen, H.R. Bernard, G.E. Shelly & C. McCarty ( 1990). "Estimating the size of personal networks". Social Networks, 12, 289-312.
76.
Snijders, T.A.B. ( 1990). "Reliable counts: correction of losses and gains for unreliability". Methods Series, ISOR, P. O. Box 80140, Utrecht University.
77.
Snijders, T.A.B. ( 1992) "Estimation on the basis of snowball samples: how to weight? " Paper presented at the workshop on generalizability questions for snowball sampling and other ascending rnethodologies, University of Groningen, The Netherlands, February 20-21, 1992.
78.
Sudman, S. ( 1985). "Experiments in the measurement of the size of social networks". Social Networks, 7, 127-151.
79.
Sudman, S. ( 1988). "Experiments in measuring neighbor and relative social networks". Social Networks, 10, 93-108.
