Homeless people constitute a rare and elusive population, but additionally counting the numbers homeless is made more difficult as a result of the absence of agreed definitions, across time and place, of what constitutes homelessness. This paper reviews some of the methods of counting used and critically evaluates one particular method, that of ‘capture-recapture’. Projects undertaken by the author and his colleagues, in the UK, are used as illustrations of the possibilities and limitations of the method.
AndersonI.KempP. and QuilgarsD. (1993) Single Homeless People. London: Department of the Environment.
2.
ArdillyP. and LeBlancD. (2001) ‘Sampling and Weighting a Survey of Homeless Persons: A French Example’, Survey Methodology, 27(1): 109–118.
3.
BerryB. (2007) ‘A Repeated Observation Approach for Estimating the Street Homeless Population’Evaluation Review31(2): 166–169.
4.
BishopY.FeinburgS. and HollandP. (1975) Discrete Multivariate Analysis. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press.
5.
BloorM.FrischerM.TaylorA.CovellR.GoldbergD.GreenS.McKaganeyN. and PlattP. (1994) ‘Tideline and Turn: Possible reasons for the continuing low HIV prevalence among Glasgow's injecting drug users.’Sociological Review42(4): 738–55.
6.
BramleyG. (1988) ‘The Definition and Measurement of Homelessness’ in BramleyG, (ed.) Homelessness and the London Housing Market. Bristol: SAUS.
7.
BrousseC.Guiot de la RochereB. and MasseE. (2006), L'enquête sans-domicile 2001, INSEE-Méthodes, n°116
8.
BurtM. (1999) ‘US Homelessness Research During the 1980s and Early 1990s: Approaches, Lessons Learned, and Methodological Options’, in AvramovD, (ed) Coping with Homelessness: Issues to be Tackled and Best Practices in Europe. Aldershot: Ashgate.
9.
ClokeP.MilbourneP. and WiddowfieldR. (2001)‘Making the homeless count? Enumerating rough sleepers and the distortion of homelessnes.’Policy and PoliticsVol 293: Pp 259–79
10.
CraneM. and WarnesT. (1997) Homeless Truths: Challenging the Myths about Older Homeless People. London: Help the Aged
11.
d'OniseK.WangY. and McDermottR. (2007) ‘The Importance of Numbers: Using Capture-Recapture to Make the Homeless Count in Adelaide’. Australian Journal of Primary Health13(1) pp 89–96.
12.
EvansA. and DuncanS. (1988) Responding to Homelessness: Local authority policy and practice. London, HMSO.
FisherN.TurnerS.PughR. and TaylorC. (1994) ‘Estimating numbers of homeless and homeless mentally ill people in north east Westminster by using capture-recapture analysis’, British Medical Journal, 308, 1/1/94.
15.
FortyL, (2008) Developing an Homelessness Prediction Model. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Plymouth.
16.
FrischerM.BloorM.TaylorA.CovellR.GoldbergD.GreenS.McKaganeyN. and PlattP, (1991) ‘A New Method of Estimating Prevalence of Injecting Drug Use in an Urban Population: Results from a Scottish City’, International Journal of Epidemiology, Vol 20, 4: Pp 997–1000.
17.
GomezS.ChealB.BunyardT. and WilliamsM. (1999) Young People in Torbay with Severe Housing Need. Plymouth: University of Plymouth, Department of Sociology.
18.
HeckathornD. (2002) ‘Respondent-Driven Sampling II: Deriving Valid Population Estimates from Chain-Referral Samples of Hidden Populations’Social Problems, 49, 1, pp 11–34.
19.
JenksC. (1994) The Homeless. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
20.
KaltonG. (2001) ‘Practical Methods for Sampling Rare and Mobile Populations’Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Statistical Association. August 5–9.
KaltonG. (2009) ‘Methods for oversampling rare subpopulations in social surveys’, Survey Methodology, Vol 35, n° 2, pp 125–141.
23.
KoflerA, (1999) 'Living in the Streets of Vienna: The Methodology of the 1993 ICCR Study in Avramov, D Coping with Homelessness: Issues to be Tackled and Best Practices in Europe. (Aldershot: Ashgate).
24.
LynnP. (1992) Survey of Single Homeless People. London: Social and Community Planning.
25.
MarpsatM. and FirdionJ-M. (1999) ‘The Homeless in Paris: A Representative Sample Survey of Users of Services for the Homeless’ in AvramovD, Coping with Homelessness: Issues to be Tackled and Best Practices in Europe. (Aldershot: Ashgate).
26.
NeugebauerR. and WittesJ. (1994) ‘Voluntary and InVoluntary Capture-Recapture’. American Journal of Public Health. 84(7):1068–9
27.
RossiP. (1991) ‘Lessons from the 1985–1986 Chicago Homeless Study’, in: Conference Proceedings for Enumerating Homeless persons: Methods and Data Needs (Taeuber, ed.), pp 147–155.
28.
Rough Sleeper Unit (RSU) (2003)Evaluating the extent of rough sleeping and carrying out a single night street count. London: Office of the Deputy Prime Ministerhttp://www.odpm.gov.uk/ (Archived)
ShawI.BloorM.CormackR. and WilliamsonH. (1996) ‘Estimating the Prevalence of Hard-to-Reach Populations: The Illustration of Mark-Recapture Methods in the Study of Homelessness’, Social Policy and Administration, Vol 30, 1: Pp 69–85.
31.
SudmanS.SirkenM. and CowanC, (1988) ‘Sampling Rare and Elusive Populations’, Science240 pp 991–6.
32.
TillingK, (2001) ‘Capture-recapture methods—Useful or misleading’International Journal of Epidemiology30(1) pp. 12–14
33.
WattsC.ZwiA.WilsonD.MashababeS. and FosterG. (1994) ‘Capture-recapture as a tool for programme evaluation’, British Medical Journal1994 pp 308: 859.
34.
WattsC.ZwiA. and FosterG. (1995) ‘How to do (or not to do)…Using capture-recapture in promoting Public health’Heath and Policy Planning10(2) pp 198–203.
35.
WilliamsM. (2003) ‘The Problem of Representation: Realism and Operationalism in survey research’Sociological Research On Line, Vol 81http://www.socresonline.org.uk/8/1/williams.html (accessed 18/02/10)
36.
WilliamsM.ChealB. and GomezS. (1995) Homelessness in Plymouth: Report of research - Stage Two. Plymouth, University of Plymouth.
37.
WilliamsM. and ChealB. (2002) ‘Can we measure homelessness? A critical evaluation of the method of 'capture-recapture’. International Journal of Social Research MethodologyVol 5, 4 pp 313–331.