Aesthetic surgery has become increasingly popular in the last several decades, with facial aesthetic surgery accounting for a large percentage of the procedures performed. With this surge in popularity and the increase in the number of cosmetic surgeries and procedures completed, comes an inevitable increase in the number of complications encountered. This review elucidates common complications and effective management of frequently performed cosmetic facial surgeries. This article represents a general overview of the topic. For a more exhaustive review, the reader is encouraged to turn their attention to the facial plastics and additional surgical subspecialty literature. Aesthetic procedures discussed in this article include rhinoplasty, rhytidectomy, facial augmentation, otoplasty, brow lift, blepharoplasty, skin resurfacing and chemical peels, and facial injections.
FedokFG.Primary rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 2016;24(3):323-335.
3.
BeckerDGBeckerSS.Reducing complications in rhinoplasty. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2006;39(3):475-492, viii.
4.
GoinJMGoinMK.Changing the Body: Psychological Effects of Plastic Surgery. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1981.
5.
KamerFMPieperPG. Revision rhinoplasty. In: BaleyB, ed. Head and Neck Surgery Otolaryngology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1998:2291-2302.
MckinneyPCookJQ.A critical evaluation of 200 rhinoplasties. Anne Plast Surg. 1981;7:357.
8.
ThomasJRTardyME.Complications of rhinoplasty. Ear Nose and Throat J. 1986;65;19-34.
9.
TardyMESchwartzMParrasG.Saddle nose deformity: autogenous graft repair. Facial Plast Surg. 1989;6(2):121-134.
10.
KimLPapelID.Spreader grafts in functional rhinoplasty. Facial Plast Surg. 2016;32(1):29-35. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1570127.
11.
LarrabeeWFJr.Open rhinoplasty and the upper third of the nose. Facial Plast Clin North Am. 1993;1(1):23-38.
12.
RettingerG.Risks and complications in rhinoplasty. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;6:Doc08.
13.
PapelIDFrodelJHoltRG.Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. New York, NY: Thieme Medical Publishers; 2002.
14.
ConstantianMB.The incompetent external nasal valve: pathophysiology and treatment in primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1994;93(5):919-931.
15.
ReeseA.Complications of rhytidectomy. Clin Plast Surg. 1978;5(1):109-119.
16.
StrathRRajuDHipaC.The study of hematomas in 500 conservative face lifts. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1983;52:694-698.
17.
MuenkerR.Problems and variations in cervicofacial rhytidectomy. Facial Plast Surg. 1992;8(1):33-51.
18.
AdamsonPMoranML.Complications of cervicofacial rhytidectomy. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 1993;112:257-270.
19.
McKinnyPKatranaJK.Prevention of injury to the great auricular nerve during rhytidectomy. Plast Reconst Surg. 1977;59:525-529.
20.
KamerFM.One hundred consecutive deep plane face lifts. Arch Otol Head Neck Surg. 1996;122:17-22.
21.
CastanresS.Facial nerve paralysis coincident with or subsequent to rhytidectomy. Plast Reconst Surg. 1997;99(5):1224-1236.
22.
AndersonJMMillerKM.Biomaterial biocompatibility and macrophage. Biomaterials. 1984;5:5-10.
23.
ZiatsNPMillerKMAndersonM.In vitro and in vivo interactions of cells with biomaterials. Biomaterials. 1988;9:5-10.
24.
YaremchukMJ.Infraorbital rim augmentation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2001;107(6):1585-1592.
25.
CuzalinaLAHlavacekMR.Complications of facial implants. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2009;21(1):91-104.
26.
RubinJPYaremchukMJ.Complications and toxicity of implantable biomaterials used in facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery: a comprehensive review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1997;100(5):1336-1353.
27.
LouisPJCuzalinaLA.Alloplastic augmentation of the face. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 2000;8(2):127-191.
BoothAJMurrayATyersAG.The direct brow lift: efficacy, complications, and patient satisfaction. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004;88(5):688-691.
30.
PascaliMBocchiniIAvantaggiatoACervelliV.Our experience with brow ptosis correction: a comparison of 4 techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. 2015;3(3):e337.
31.
ShiffmanMDi GuiseppeA.Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer; 2012.
32.
NiamtuJCuzalinaA.Cosmetic: Facial Surgery. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby; 2011.
33.
PapelIThomasJR. Thomas Procedures in Facial Plastic Surgery: Blepharoplasty. Shelton, CT: People’s Medical Publishing House, Ltd. Retrieved from http://eresources.library.mssm.edu:3543. Published 2011; Accessed January 2, 2017.
WaliaSAlsterTS.Cutaneous CO2 laser resurfacing infection rate with and without prophylactic antibiotics. Dermatol Surg. 1999;25(11):857-861.
36.
BrodyH. History of chemical peels. In: BaxterS, ed. Chemical Peeling and Resurfacing. 2nd ed.St. Louis, MO: Mosby Year Book; 1997: 1-5.
37.
RapaportMJKamerF.Exacerbation of facial herpes simplex after phenolic face peels. J Dermatol Surg Oncol. 1984;10(1):57-58.
38.
NikaljiNGodseKSakhiyaJPatilSNadkarniN.Complications of medium depth and deep chemical peels. J Cutan Aesthet Surg. 2012;5(4):254-260. doi:10.4103/0974-2077.104913.
39.
SmallR.A Practical Guide to Chemical Peels, Microdermabrasion, and Topical Products. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2012.
40.
de MaioMRzanyB. Overview on injectable fillers: efficacy and safety. In: Injectable Fillers in Aesthetic Medicine. 2nd ed.Springer; 2014:1-20.
