Assessment of Occupational Health Risk From Multiple Exposure: Review of Industrial Solvent Interaction and Implication for Biological Monitoring of Exposure
Restricted accessReview articleFirst published online January, 1992
Assessment of Occupational Health Risk From Multiple Exposure: Review of Industrial Solvent Interaction and Implication for Biological Monitoring of Exposure
This review is a critical survey and evaluation of recent literature on solvent interactions for the assessment of health risk. It addresses the implications of multiple solvent exposures 1) by examining the influence of solvent-solvent and ethanol-solvent interactions on the biological indices of chemical exposure, and 2) by indicating how the eventual modifying effects can be considered in the biological monitoring of mixed exposure. Reviewed studies reveal the effects of toxicokinetic interactions on the biological parameters, and the gaps in our knowledge. The measurement of potentially toxic molecular species is suggested for the biological monitoring of multiple chemical exposure. This approach appears to be important for drawing better quantitative conclusions on the internal exposure to biologically active chemical species. Finally, research needs arising from the critical analysis of the literature are briefly described.
Acgih (1990). Threshold limit values and biological exposure indices for 1990-1991. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Cincinnati, Ohio.
2.
AIT10, A., Riihimaki, V., Vainio, H. (1984). Biological monitoring and surveillance of workers exposed to chemicals. Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington.
3.
Andrews, L.S., Lee, E.W., Witmer, C.M., Kocsis, J.J., Snyder, R. (1977). Effects of toluene on the metabolic disposition and hemopoietic toxicity of (H-3) benzene. Biochem. Pharmacol . 26:293-300.
4.
Ballantyne, B. (1985). Evaluation of hazards from mixtures of chemicals in the occupational environment. J. Occup. Med. 27:85-94.
Berlin, A., Yodaiken, R.E., Herman, B.A. (1984). Assessment of toxic agents at the workplace. Martinus Nijhoft Publishers, Boston.
7.
Bingham, E., Morris, S. (1988). Complex mixtures and multiple agent interactions: the issues and their significance. Fund. Appl. Toxicol. 10:549-552.
8.
Borm, P.J.A., De Barbanson, B. (1988). Bias in biological monitoring caused by concomitant medication. J. Occup. Med. 30:214-223.
9.
Carpenter, C.P., Kinkead, E.R., Geary, D.L., Sullivan, L.J., King, J.M. (1975). Petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity studies, III. Animal and human response to vapors of stoddard solvent. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 32:282-297.
10.
Cerny, S., Az, J., Flek, J., Tichy, M. (1990). Effect of ethanol on the urinary excretion of mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids after human exposure to styrene. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health62:242-247.
11.
Ciuchta, H.P., Savell, G.M., Spiker, R.D. (1979). Effect of alcohols and toluene upon methylene chloride-induced carboxyhemoglobin in the rat and monkey. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 49:347-354.
12.
Dossing, M., Baelum, J., Hansen, S.H., Lundgvist, G.R. (1984). Effect of ethanol, cimetidine and propranolol on toluene metabolism in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health54:309-315.
13.
Droz, P.O., Fernandez, J.G. (1978). Trichloroethylene exposure. Biological monitoring by breath and urinary analysis. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 35:35-42.
14.
Engstrom, K., Riihimaki, V., Laine, A. (1984). Urinary disposition of ethylbenzene and m-xylene in man following separate and combined exposure. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health54:355-363.
15.
Foa, V., Emmett, E.A. (1987). Occupational and environmental chemical hazards: cellular and biochemical indices of monitoring toxicity. Horwood Limited, Chichester.
16.
Fiserova-Bergerova, V., Vlach, J., Cassady, J.C. (1980): Predictable "individual differences" in uptake and excretion of gases and lipid soluble vapors. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 37:42-49.
17.
Freeman, J.J., Hayes, E.P. (1985). Acetone potentiation of acute acetonitrile toxicity in rats. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health15:609-621.
18.
Freundt, K.J., Lieberwirth, K., Netz, H., Pohlman, E. (1976). Blood acetaldehyde in alcoholized rats and humans during inhalation of carbon disulphide vapor. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health37:35-46.
19.
Freundt, K.J. (1982). Mixed exposure to chemical hazards. Occup Health Safety51:10-13, 39-42.
20.
Gosselin, R.E., Smith, R.P., Hodge, H.C. (1984). Clinical toxicology of commercial products. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
21.
Hanasono, G.K., Fuller, R.W., Broddle, W.D., Gibson, R. (1977). Studies of the effect of N,N-dimethylformamide on ethanol disposition and on monoamine oxidase activity in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 39:461-472.
22.
Hodgson, E. (1980). Chemical and environmental factors affecting metabolism of xenobiotics. In Hodgson, E., Guthrie, F.E. (eds): "Introduction to Biochemical Toxicology", pp. 144-161, Elsevier, New York .
23.
Ikeda, M., Ohtsuji, H., Imamura, T. (1972). In vivo suppression of benzene and styrene oxidation by co-administered toluene in rats and effects of phenobarbital. Xenobiotica2:101-106.
24.
Ikeda, M. (1976). Reciprocal metabolic inhibition of toluene and trichloroethylene in vivo and in vitro. Int. Arch. für Arbeitz . 33:125-130.
25.
Ikeda, M. (1975). Modifying toxicity of mixtures through metabolic competition. Jap. J. Hyg. 30:2.
26.
Ikeda, M., Hirayama, T. (1978). Possible metabolic interaction of styrene with organic solvents. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 4: Suppl . 2, 41-46.
27.
Ikeda, M. (1988). Multiple exposure to chemicals. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 8:414-421.
28.
Inoue, O., Seiji, K., Watanabe, T., Kasahara, H., Nakatsuka, H., Yin, S., Li, S. ( 1988). Mutual metabolic suppression between benzene and toluene in man. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health60:15-20.
29.
Klaassen, C.D., Doull, J. (1980). Evaluation of safety: Toxicologic evaluation. In Doull, J., Klaassen, C.D., Amdur, M.O. (eds): "Toxicology", pp. 11-27, MacMillan Publishing, New York.
30.
Koizumi, A., Kumai, M., Ikeda, M. (1982). In vivo suppression of 1,1,1-trichloroethane metabolism by coadministered tetrachloroethylene: an inhalation study. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.29:196-199.
31.
Koizumi, A., Sadamoto, T., Naganuma, H., Ikeda, M. (1984). Mechanisms for modification of bromobenzene hepatotoxicity by co-administered toluene and chlorobenzene. Am. J. Ind. Med. 6:241-250.
32.
Lauwerys, R.R. (1983). Industrial chemical exposure: guidelines for biological monitoring. Biomedical publishers, Davis, California.
33.
Liira, J., Riihimaki, V., Engstrom, K. (1990). Effects of ethanol on the kinetics of methyl ethyl ketone. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 47:325-330.
34.
Lu, F.C. (1985). Modifying factors of toxic effects, in Basic Toxicology: Fundamentals, Target organ and Risk assessment, pp. 55-67, Hemisphere Publishing Corp., Washington .
35.
Mikulski, P., Wiglusz, R., Galuszko, E., Delag, G. (1979). Reciprocal metabolic effect of benzene and its methyl derivatives in ratsI. Study in vivo. Bull. Inst. Marine Tropical Med. 30:77-88.
36.
Muller, G., Spassowski, M., Henschler, D. (1975). Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. III Interaction of trichloroethylene and ethanol. Arch. Toxicol. 33:173-179.
37.
Murphy, S.D. (1980). Assessment of the potential for toxic interactions among environmental pollutants. In Galli, C.L.,Murphy, S.D.,Paoletti, R. (eds): "The Principles and Methods in Modern Toxicology", pp. 277-294, Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, New York, Amsterdam.
38.
Nakajima, T., Okugama, S., Yonekura, I., Sato, A. (1985). Effects of ethanol and phenobarbital administration on the metabolism and toxicity of benzene. Chem. Biol. Interact . 55:23-28.
39.
Nakajima, T., Okino, T., Okuyama, S., Taneko, T., Yonekura, I., Sato, A. (1988). Ethanol-induced enhancement of trichloethylene metabolism and hepatotoxicity: Difference from the effect of phenobarbital . Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 94:227-237.
40.
Normandeau, J., Chakrabarti, S., Brodeur, J. (1984). Influence of simultaneous exposure to acrylonitrile and styrene on the toxicity and metabolism of styrene in rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 75:346-349.
41.
Notten, W.R.F., Herber, R.F.M., Hunter, W.J., Monster, A.C. (1986). Health surveillance of individual workers exposed to chemical agents. Springer Verlag, New York.
42.
Ogata, M., Fujii, T. (1979). Urinary excretion of hippuric acid and m- methylhippuric acid after administration of toluene and m-xylene mixture to rats. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health43:45-51.
43.
Pfaffli, P., Backman, A.L. (1972). Trichloethylene concentrations in blood and expired air as indicators of occupational exposure: A preliminary report. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health9:140-144.
44.
Riihimaki, V., Savolainen, K., Pfaffli, P., Pekari, K., Sippel, H.W., Laine, A. (1982). Metabolic interaction between m-xylene and ethanol . Arch. Toxicol. 49:253-263.
45.
Riihimaki, V. (1984). Interaction between industrial solvents and between solvents and ethanol. In Aitio, A.,Riihimaki, V.,Vanio, H. (eds): "Biological Monitoring and Surveillance of Workers exposed to Chemicals", pp. 231-245, Hemisphere Publishing Corporation , Washington, New York; London.
46.
Rubin, E., Lieber, S.C. (1968). Hepatic microsomal enzymes in man and rat: induction and inhibition by ethanol. Science162:690-691.
47.
Sato, A., Nakajima, T. (1979). Dose-dependent metabolic interaction between benzene and toluene in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol . 48:249-256.
48.
Seiji, K., Inoue, O., Jin, C., Liu, Y.T., Cai, S.X., Ohashi, M., Watanabe, T., Nakatsuka, H., Kawai, T., Ikeda, M. (1989). Dose-excretion relationship in tetrachloroethylene exposed workers and the effect of tetrachloroethylene co-exposure on trichloroethylene metabolism. Am. J. Ind. Med. 16:675-684.
Tardif, R., Plaa, G.L., Brodeur, J. (1989a). Evidence of metabolic interactions between toluene and xylene in rats after inhalation. The Toxicologist9:250.
51.
Tardif, R., Plaa, G.L., Brodeur, J. (1989b). Influence of various mixtures of inhaled toluene and xylene on parameters of biological monitoring of exposure in rats. 32nd Congress of Canadian Federation of Biological Societies32:112.
52.
Tardif, R., Laparé, S., Plaa, G.L., Brodeur, J. (1991). Effect of simultaneous exposure to toluene and xylene on their respective biological exposure indices in humans. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health63:279-284.
53.
Tarkowski, S. (1982). Excretion of methylhippuric acid in the urine of persons exposed to xylene and to a mixture of solvents. In Combined exposure to chemical (Interim document no 11), pp. 269-282, Organisation mondiale de la santé, Copenhague.
54.
Thompson, C.N. (1982). An industry view on the safe use of solvents. In Collings, A.J.,Luxon, S.C. (eds.): Safe use of solvent. Academic Press, London.
55.
Waldron, H.A., Cherry, N., Johnston, J.D. (1983). The effects of ethanol on blood toluene concentrations . Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health51:365-369.
56.
Wallen, M., Naslund, P.H., Nordqvist, M.B. (1984). The effects of ethanol on the kinetics of toluene in man. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 76:414-419.
57.
Wallen, M., Holm, S., Nordquist, M.B. (1985). Coexposure to toluene and p-xylene in man: uptake and elimination. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 42:111-116.
58.
Wilson, H.K., Robertson, S.M., Waldron, H.A., Gompertz, D. (1983). Effect of alcohol on the kinetics of mandelic acid excretion in volunteers exposed to styrene vapor. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 40:75-80.
