Developmental Toxicity of Urethan

Barcroft J. , Barron D.H. , Kramer K. , and Millikan G.A. (1937). The effect of urethane on the onset of respiration at birth. J. Physiol. 90: 29P.

Bateman A.J. (1967). A failure to detect any mutagenic action of urethane in the mouse. Mutat. Res. 4: 710–712.

Battle H.I. , and Hisaoka K.K. (1952). Effects of ethylcarbamate (urethan) on the early development of the teleost, Brachydanio rerio. Cancer Res. 12: 334–342.

Berenblum I. , Haran-Ghera N. , Winnick R. , and Winnick T. (1958). Distribution of C14-labeled urethans in tissues of the mouse and subcellular localization in lung and liver. Cancer Res. 18: 181–185.

Berenblum I. , Ben-Ishai D. , Haran-Ghera N. , Lapidot A. , Simon E. , and Trainin N. (1959). Skin initiating action and lung carcinogenesis by derivatives of urethane (ethyl carbamate) and related compounds. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2: 168–176.

Chaube S. , and Murphy M.L. (1966). The effects of hydroxyurea and related compounds on the rat fetus. Cancer Res. 26: 1448–1457.

Dipaolo J.A. (1962). Effects of oxygen concentration on carcinogenesis induced by transplacental exposure to urethan. Cancer Res. 22: 299–304.

Dipaolo J.A. , and Elis J. (1967). The comparison of teratogenic and carcinogenic effects of some carbamate compounds. Cancer Res. 27: 1696–1701.

Dipaolo J.A. , and Elis J. (1970). Effect of actinomycin D and urethan on successive litters and generations of mice. Teratology 3: 53–58.

Dipaolo J.A. , and Kotin P. (1966). Teratogenesis-oncogenesis: A study of possible relationships. Arch. Pathol. 81: 3–23.

Diwan B.A. , and Batra B.K. (1972). Effects of urethane on embryonic development in mouse. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 10: 81–83.

Diwan B. A. , Batra B.K. , and D'SOUZA A.V. (1970). Effects of urethane on embryonic development in the mouse: Part I - The period of embryogenesis. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 8: 167–170.

Esaki K. (1983). Decase in cleft lip incidence by urethane administration to CL/Fr mice. Congenital Anomalies (Senten Ijo) 23: 395–398.

FEDERAL REGISTER (1963). 28 FR 2900. March 23, 1963.

FEDERAL REGISTER (1972). 37 FR 3060. February 11, 1972.

Ferm V.H. (1966). Severe developmental malformations. Arch. Pathol. 81: 174–177.

Hall E.K. (1953). Developmental anomalies in the eye of the rat after various experimental procedures. Anat. Rec. 116: 383–393.

Harvey S.C. (1975). Hypnotics and sedatives. In: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 5th Ed. ( Goodman L.S. , and Gilman A. , eds.), pp. 124–136. Macmillan Publishing Co., New York.

Huang C.C. (1967). Induction of damage to the X chromosomes of Rattus (Mastomys) natalensis by base analogues, viruses, and carcinogens. Chromosoma 23: 162–179.

INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER (IARC) (1974). Urethane. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Some Anti-Thyroid and Related Substances, Nitrofurans and Industrial Chemicals, 7: 111–140.

Jackson H. , Fox B. W. , and Craig A. W. (1959). The effect of alkylating agents on male rat fertility. Br. J. Pharmacol. 14: 149–157.

Kageyama M. (1961). Differences in susceptibility to induction of congenital malformations by ethylurethan among various strains of mice. Acta Anat. Nippon 36: 1–9.

Kanamori H. (1958a). Embryological studies on various malformations in the offspring of pregnant mice treated with ethylurethan. I. The developmental process of the cleft palate. Acta Anat. Nippon 33: 55–63.

Kanamori H. (1958b). Embryological studies on various malformations in the offspring of pregnant mice treated with ethylurethan. II. The developmental process of the digital anomalies. Acta Anat. Nippon 33: 64–73.

Kennedy G.L. , Arnold D.W. , and Keplinger M.L. (1973). Mutagenic response of known carcinogens. Mutat. Res. 21: 224–225.

Klein M. (1952). The transplacental effect of urethan on lung tumorigenesis in mice. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 12: 1003–1010.

Larsen C.D. (1947). Pulmonary tumor induction by transplacental exposure to urethane. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 8: 63–70.

Lavappa K.S. , and Yerganian G. (1971). Latent meiotic anomalies related to an ancestral exposure to a mutagenic agent. Science 172: 171–174.

Mcmillan D.B. , and Battle H.I. (1954). Effects of ethyl carbamate (urethan) and related compounds on early developmental processes of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens. Cancer Res. 14: 319–323.

Mirvish S.S. (1968). The carcinogenic action and metabolism of urethan and N-hydroxyurethan. Adv. Cancer Res. 11: 1–42.

Miyamoto S. (1967). Association of thyroid drugs with teratogenic actions of ethylurethan in mice. Acta Anat. Nippon 42: 90–93.

Nakane K. , and Kameyama Y. (1986). Effect of maternal urethane administration on the manifestation of cleft lip and palate in CL/Fr mice. J. Craniofac. Genet. Dev. Biol. (Suppl.) 2: 109–112.

Nettleship A. , and Henshaw P.S. (1943). Induction of pulmonary tumors in mice with ethyl carbamate (urethane). J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 4: 309–319.

Nishimura H. , and Kuginuki M. (1958). Congenital malformations induced by ethylurethan in mouse embryos. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn. 31: 1–12.

Nomura T. (1974). An analysis of the changing urethan response of the developing mouse embryo in relation to mortality, malformation, and neoplasm. Cancer Res. 34: 2217–2231.

Nomura T. (1975). Transmission of tumors and malformations to the next generation of mice subsequent to urethan treatment. Cancer Res. 35: 264–266.

Nomura T. (1977). Similarity of the mechanism of chemical carcinogen-initiated terato-genesis and carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Res. 37: 969–973.

Nomura T. (1983). Comparative inhibiting effects of methylxanthines on urethan-induced tumors, malformations, and presumed somatic mutations in mice. Cancer Res. 43: 1342–1346.

Nomura T. , and Okamoto E. (1972). Transplacental carcinogenesis by urethan in mice: Teratogenesis and carcinogenesis in relation to organogenesis. Gann 63: 731–742.

Nomura T. , Takebe H. , and Okamoto E. (1973). Long retention of urethan transferred into newborn mice placentally, as a possible cause of high carcinogenesis. Gann 64: 29–40.

Ough C.S. (1976a). Ethylcarbamate in fermented beverages and foods. I. Naturally occurring ethylcarbamate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 24: 323–328.

Ough C.S. (1976b). Ethylcarbamate in fermented beverages and foods. II. Possible formation of ethylcarbamate from diethyl dicarbonate addition to wine. J. Agric. Food Chem. 24: 328–331.

Sinclair J. (1950). A specific transplacental effect of urethane in mice. Tex. Rep. Biol. Med. 8: 623–632.

Smith W.E. , and Rous P. (1948). The neoplastic potentialities of mouse embryo tissues. IV. Lung adenomas in baby mice as result of prenatal exposure to urethane. J. Exp. Med. 88: 529–558.

Sotomayor R.E. , and Collins T.F.X. (1989). Mutagenicity and metabolism of urethane. Manuscript in preparation.

Takaori S. , Tanabe K. , and Shimamoto K. (1966). Developmental abnormalities of skeketal system induced by ethylurethan in the rat. Jpn. J. Pharmacol. 16: 63–73.

Vesselinovitch S.D. , Mihailovich N. , and Pietra G. (1967). The prenatal exposure of mice to urethan and the consequent development of tumors in various tissues. Cancer Res. 27: 2333–2337.

Weisburger E. (1987). Carcinogenic natural products in the environment. In: Safety Evaluation: Toxicology, Methods, Concepts and Risk Assessment, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology, Vol. 10 ( Mehlman M.A. , ed.), pp. 243–266. Princeton Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., Princeton, New Jersey.

Yasud AY . (1977). Digital anomalies of mouse limbs induced by treatment with urethan in vitro. Teratology 15: 89–96.