The current study examined the convergent validity and factor structure of the State-Trait Inventory of Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety in a sample of African Americans and European Americans. Validity analyses revealed similar associations; however, the factor analysis failed to support the original factor structure and factorial variance was consistently demonstrated.
AhmedK.BhugraD. (2007). Depression across ethnic minority cultures: Diagnostic issues. World Cultural Psychiatry Research Review, 2, 47–56. Retrieved from http://www.wcprr.org/pdf/02-23/2007.0203.4756.pdf
AyalonL.YoungM. A. (2003). A comparison of depressive symptoms in African Americans and Caucasian Americans. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 34, 111–124.
4.
BentlerP. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.
5.
BlanchardE.Jones-AlexanderJ.BuckleyT.FornerisC. (1996). Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34, 669–673.
6.
BollenK. A. (1990). Overall fit in covariance structure models: Two types of sample size effects. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 256–259.
7.
BrownM. W.CudeckR. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In BollenK. A.LongJ. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
8.
BrownT. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
9.
CarterM. M.MillerO.Jr.SbroccoT.SuchdayS.LewisE. L. (1999). Factor structure of the Anxiety Sensitivity Index among African American college students. Psychological Assessment, 11, 525–533.
10.
ChapmanL. K.WilliamsS. R.MastB. T.Woodruff-BordenJ. (2009). A confirmatory factor analysis of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in African American and European American young adults. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 387–392.
11.
ClarkL. A.WatsonD. (1991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316–336.
12.
CohenJ.CohenP.WestS. G.AikenL. S. (2003). Applied multipleregression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
13.
CrawfordJ. R.HenryJ. D. (2004). The positive and negative affect schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245–265.
GerbingD. W.AndersonJ. C. (1993). Monte Carlo evaluations of goodness-of-fit indices for structural equation models. In BollenK. A.LongJ. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 40–65). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
16.
GrosD. F.AntonyM. M.SimmsL. J.McCabeR. E. (2007). Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA): Comparison to the state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI). Psychological Assessment, 19, 369–381.
17.
GrosD. F.SimmsL. J.AntonyM. M. (2010). Psychometric properties of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA) in friendship dyads. Behavior Therapy, 41, 277–284.
18.
HeimbergR. G.MuellerG. P.HoltC. S.HopeD. A.LiebowitzM. R. (1992). Assessment of anxiety in social interaction and being observed by others: The Social Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Behavior Therapy, 23, 53–73. doi:10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80308-9
19.
Heurtin-RobertsS.SnowdenL.MillerL. (1997). Expressions of anxiety in African Americans: Ethnography and the epidemiological catchment area studies. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 21, 337–363.
20.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1995). Evaluating model fit. In HoyleR. H. (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues and applications (pp. 76–99). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21.
JaccardJ.WanC. K. (1996). LISREL approaches to interaction effects in multiple regression. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
22.
KesslerR.ChiuW.DemlerO.WaltersE. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replicated. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617–627.
23.
KingeryJ. N.GinsburgG. S.BursteinM. (2009). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the multidimensional anxiety scale for children in an African American adolescent sample. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 40, 287–300.
24.
KlineR. B. (2004). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
25.
LambertS. F.CooleyM. R.CampbellK. D.BenoitM. Z.StansburyR. (2004). Assessing anxiety sensitivity in inner-city African American children: Psychometric properties of the childhood anxiety sensitivity index. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33, 248–259.
26.
Lewis-FernandezR.HintonD. E.LariaA. J.PattersonE. H.HofmannS. G.CraskeM. G.. . . LiaoB. (2009). Culture and the anxiety disorders: Recommendations forDSM-V. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 212–229.
27.
LovibondP. F.LovibondS. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335–342.
28.
MarshH. W.HauK.-T.WenZ. (2004). In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers in overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler’s (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling, 11, 320–341.
29.
MattickR. P.ClarkeJ. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455–470. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10031-6
30.
MelkaS. E.LancasterS. L.AdamsL. J.HowarthE. A.RodriquezB. F. (2010). Social anxiety across ethnicity: A confirmatory factor analysis of the FNE and SAD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 680–685.
31.
MyersH. F.LesserI.RodriguezN.MiraC. B.HwangW.CampC.. . .WohlM. (2002). Ethnic differences in clinical presentation of depression in adult women. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 138–156. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.8.2.138
32.
NealA.TurnerS. (1991). Anxiety disorders research with African-Americans: Current status. Psychological Bulletin, 109, 400–410.
33.
RadloffL. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385–401. doi:10.1177/014662167700100306
34.
RadloffL. S. (1987). Center for Epidemiologic Studies–Depressed Mood Scale (CES-D). In CorcoranK.FischerJ. (Eds.), Measures for clinical practice: A sourcebook (pp. 118–119). New York, NY: Free Press.
35.
ReeM.MacLeodC.LockeV. (2008). Distinguishing cognitive and somatic dimensions of state and trait anxiety: Development and validation of the State-Trait Inventory for Cognitive and Somatic Anxiety (STICSA). Behavioral and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 36, 313–332.
36.
RitsherJ. B.StrueningE. L.HellmanF.GuardinoM. (2002). Internal validity of an anxiety disorder screening instrument across five ethnic groups. Psychiatry Research, 111, 199–213.
37.
RobinsL.RegierD. A. (1991). Psychiatric disorders in America: The epidemiologic catchment area study. New York, NY: Free Press.
38.
SakakibaraB. M.MillerW. C.OrenczukS. G.WolfeD. L. (2009). A systematic review of depression and anxiety measures used with individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 47, 841–851.
39.
SchumackerR. E.LomaxR. G. (2004). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
40.
SpielbergerC. D. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y). Palo Alto, CA: Mind Garden.
41.
SteigerJ. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173–180.
42.
TuckerL. R.LewisC. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1–10.
43.
VentureyraV.YaoS.CottrauxJ.NoteL.De Mey-GuillardC. (2002). The validation of the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale in posttraumatic stress disorder and nonclinical subjects. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 71, 47–53.
44.
WatsonD.ClarkL. A.TellegenA. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063–1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
45.
WeathersF.LitzB.HermanD.HuskaJ.KeaneT. (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
46.
WestonR.GoreP. A. (2006). A brief guide to structural equation modeling. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 719–751.
47.
WestonR.GoreP. A.ChanF.CatalanoD. (2008). An introduction to using structural equation models in rehabilitation psychology. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53, 340–356.
48.
WilliamsJ.PeetersF.ZautraA. (2004). Differential affect structures in depressive and anxiety disorders. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 17, 321–330.