Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to the responses of two respective independent samples of Native American college students on the Native American Acculturation Scale (NAAS). Three correlated dimensions were found to underlie NAAS items and these dimensions may also comprise a broader higher order dimension of Native American acculturation.
BentlerP. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246.
2.
BoyceW. T.BoyceJ. C. (1983). Acculturation and changes in health among Navajo boarding school students. Social Science & Medicine, 17, 219–226.
3.
ChoneyS. K.Berryhill-PaapkeE.RobbinsR. R. (1995). The acculturation of American Indians: Developing frameworks for research and practice. In PonterottoJ. G.CasasJ. M.SuzukiL. A.AlexanderC. M. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (1st ed., pp. 73–92). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4.
CuellarI.ArnoldB.MaldonadoR. (1995). Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans-II: A revision of the original ARSMA Scale. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 17, 275–304.
5.
CuellarI.HarrisL. C.JassoR. (1980). An acculturation scale for Mexican-American normal and clinical populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2, 199–217.
6.
DuranE. (2006). Healing the soul wound: Counseling with American Indians and other native peoples. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
7.
EcklundT. R. (2005). The relationship between psychosocial development and acculturation among American Indian college students(Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (AAT 3174142).
8.
GarrettM. T.PichetteE. F. (2000). Red as an apple: Native American acculturation and counseling with or without reservation. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 3–13.
9.
HoffmanT.DanaR. H.BoltonB. (1985). Measured acculturation and MMPI-168 performance of Native American adults. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 16, 243–256.
10.
HornJ. L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179–185.
11.
HorseP. G. (2001). Reflections on American Indian identity. In WijeyesingheC. L.JacksonB. W. (Eds.), New perspectives on racial identity development: A theoretical and practical anthology (pp. 91–107). New York: New York University Press.
12.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cut off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
KimB. S.AbreuJ. M. (2001). Acculturation measurement: Theory, current instruments, and future directions. In PonterottoJ. G.CasasJ. M.SuzukiL. A.AlexanderC. M. (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (2nd ed., pp. 394–424). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
15.
LaFromboiseT. D. (1999). The Living in Two Worlds Survey. Unpublished test instrument, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.
16.
LaFromboiseT. D.AlbrightK.HarrisA. (2010). Patterns of hopelessness among American Indian adolescents: Relationships by levels of acculturation and residence. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16(1), 68–76.
17.
LaFromboiseT. D.ColemanH. L. K.GertonJ. (1993). Psychological impact of biculturalism: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 395–412.
18.
LaFromboiseT. D.TrimbleJ. E.MohattG. V. (1998). Counseling intervention and American Indian tradition: An integrative approach. The Counseling Psychologist, 18, 628–654.
19.
MardiaK. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57, 519–530.
20.
MatsudairaT. (2006). Measures of psychological acculturation: A review. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 462–487.
21.
MillerM. J. (2007). A bilinear multidimensional measurement model of Asian American acculturation and enculturation: Implications for counseling interventions. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 118–131.
22.
NunnallyJ. C.BernsteinI. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
23.
PonterottoJ. G.BaluchS.CarielliD. (1998). The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (SL-ASIA): Critique and research recommendations. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 32, 109–134.
24.
ReynoldsA. L.EcklundT. R.TerranceD. (2011). Race related stress, academic motivation, cultural congruity, acculturation, and resilience of American Indian students. Unpublished manuscript.
25.
Ryan-ArredondoK.SandovalJ. (2005). Psychometric issues in the measurement of acculturation. In FrisbyC. L.ReynoldsC. R. (Eds.), Comprehensive handbook of multicultural school psychology (pp. 861–880). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
26.
SatorraA.BentlerP. M. (1994). Corrections to test statistics and standard errors in covariance structure analysis, In von EyeA.CloggC. C. (Eds.), Latent variables analysis: Applications for developmental research (pp. 399–419). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
27.
SteigerJ. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173–180.
28.
SuinnR. M.AhunaC.KhooG. (1992). The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: Concurrent and factorial validation. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 1041–1046.
29.
SuinnR. M.Rickard-FigueroaK.LewS.VigilP. (1987). The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: An initial report. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 401–407.
30.
UtseyS.ChaeM. H.BrownC. F.KellyD. (2002). Effect of ethnic group membership on ethnic identity, race-related stress, and quality of life. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 8, 366–377.
31.
VelicerW. F.JacksonD. N. (1990). Component analysis versus common factor analysis: Some further observations. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 97–114.
32.
WorthingtonR. L.WhittakerT. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34, 806–838.
33.
YoonE.LangrehrK.OngL. Z. (2011). Content analysis of acculturation research in counseling and counseling psychology: A 22-year review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 83–96.
34.
ZaneN.MakW. (2003). Major approaches to the measurement of acculturation among ethnic minority populations: A content analysis and an alternative empirical strategy. In ChunK. M.Balls OrganistaP.MarinG. (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 39–60). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
