This study used latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify acculturation profiles. A three-profile solution fit the data best, and comparisons on demographic and psychosocial outcomes as a function of profile yielded expected results. The findings support using LPA as a parsimonious way to model acculturation without anticipating profiles in advance.
AbdullahT.BrownT. L. (2012). Acculturation style and alcohol use among African American college students: An exploration of potential moderators. Journal of Black Psychology, 38, 421–441.
2.
AkaikeH. (1974). A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, 19, 716–723.
3.
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
4.
ArdJ. D.SkinnerC. S.ChenC.AickinM.SvetkeyL. P. (2005). Informing cancer prevention strategies for African Americans: The relationship of African American acculturation to fruit, vegetable, and fat intake. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 28, 239–247.
5.
ArmitageC. J. (2012). Evidence that self-affirmation reduces body dissatisfaction by basing self-esteem on domains other than body weight and shape. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 53, 81–88.
6.
AyalaG. X.BaqueroB.KlingerS. (2008). A systematic review of the relationship between acculturation and diet among Latinos in the United States: Implications for future research. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108, 1330–1344.
7.
BernalG.Jiménez-ChafeyM. I.Domenech RodríguezM. M. (2009). Cultural adaptation of treatments: A resource for considering culture in evidence-based practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40,361–368.
8.
BerryJ. W. (1992). Acculturation and adaptation in a new society. International Migration, 30, 69–85.
9.
BerryJ. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46, 5–68.
10.
BerryJ. W. (2003). Conceptual approaches to acculturation. In ChunK. M.OrganistaP. B.MarinG. (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 17–38). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
11.
BerryJ. W. (2005). Acculturation: Living successfully in two cultures. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 29, 697–712.
12.
BerryJ. W. (2006). Acculturative stress. Handbook of Multicultural Perspectives on Stress and Coping, 3, 287–298.
13.
BerryJ. W.KimU. (1988). Acculturation and mental health. In DasenP.BerryJ. W.SartoriusN. (Eds.), Health and cross-cultural psychology (pp. 207–236). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
14.
BerryJ. W.PhinneyJ. S.SamD. L.VedderP. (2006). Immigrant youth: Acculturation, identity, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 55, 303–332.
15.
BerryJ. W.SamD. L. (1997). Acculturation and adaptation. In BerryJ. W.SegallM. H.KagitcibasiC. (Eds.), Handbook of cross-cultural psychology: Social behavior and applications (Vol. 3, 2nd ed., pp. 291–326). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
16.
CabassaL. J. (2003). Measuring acculturation: Where we are and where we need to go. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25, 127–146.
17.
ChengD.LeongF. T.GeistR. (1993). Cultural differences in psychological distress between Asian and Caucasian American college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 21, 182–190.
18.
De La RosaM.VegaR.RadischM. A. (2000). The role of acculturation in substance abuse behavior of African-American and Latino adolescents: Advances, issues, and recommendations. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 32, 33–42.
19.
del PilarJ. A.UdascoJ. O. (2004). Deculturation: Its lack of validity. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 10, 169–176.
20.
DerogatisL. R.SpencerP. M. (1982). The Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration, scoring, and procedures manual—I. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
21.
DeroseK. P.BakerD. W. (2000). Limited English proficiency and Latinos’ use of physician services. Medical Care Research and Review, 57, 76–91.
22.
DevosT. (2006). Implicit bicultural identity among Mexican American and Asian American college students. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12, 381–402.
23.
FarverJ. A. M.BhadhaB. R.NarangS. K. (2002). Acculturation and psychological functioning in Asian Indian adolescents. Social Development, 11, 11–29.
24.
GiangM. T.WittigM. A. (2006). Implications of adolescents’ acculturation strategies for personal and collective self-esteem. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 12, 725–739.
25.
GimR. H.AtkinsonD. R.KimS. J. (1991). Asian-American acculturation, counselor ethnicity and cultural sensitivity, and ratings of counselors. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 57–62.
26.
GonzalesN. A.DumkaL. E.MillsapR. E.GottschallA.McClainD. B.WongJ. J.KimS. Y. (2012). Randomized trial of a broad preventive intervention for Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 1–16.
27.
GonzálezH. M.HaanM. N.HintonL. (2001). Acculturation and the prevalence of depression in older Mexican Americans: Baseline results of the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 49, 948–953.
28.
GravesT. D. (1967). Acculturation in a tri-ethnic community. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 23, 337–350.
29.
HeathertonT. F.PolivyJ. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895–910.
30.
HerzbergP. Y.RothM. (2006). Beyond resilients, undercontrollers, and overcontrollers? An extension of personality prototype research. European Journal of Personality, 20, 5–28.
31.
HillA. L.DegnanK. A.CalkinsS. D.KeaneS. P. (2006). Profiles of externalizing behavior problems for boys and girls across preschool: The roles of emotion regulation and inattention. Developmental Psychology, 42, 913–928.
32.
HoeM.BrekkeJ. (2009). Testing the cross-ethnic construct validity of the Brief Symptom Inventory. Research on Social Work Practice, 19, 93–103.
33.
HooperM. W.BakerE. A.de YbarraD. R.McNuttM.AhluwaliaJ. S. (2012). Acculturation predicts 7-day smoking cessation among treatment-seeking African-Americans in a group intervention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 43, 74–83.
34.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55.
35.
HwangW.TingJ. Y. (2008). Disaggregating the effects of acculturation and acculturative stress on the mental health of Asian Americans. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 147–154.
36.
KlonoffE. A.LandrineH. (1999). Acculturation and cigarette smoking among African Americans: Replication and implications for prevention and cessation programs. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 22, 195–204.
37.
KoneruV. K.Weisman de MamaniA. G.FlynnP. M.BetancourtH. (2007). Acculturation and mental health: Current findings and recommendations for future research. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12, 76–96.
38.
KurasakiK. S.OkazakiS.SueS. (2002). Asian American mental health: Assessment theories and methods. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers.
39.
LandrineH.KlonoffE. A. (1994). The African American Acculturation Scale: Development, reliability, and validity. Journal of Black Psychology, 20, 104–127.
40.
LanzaS. T.FlahertyB. P.CollinsL. M. (2003). Latent class and latent transition analysis. InSchinkaJ. A.VelicerW. A. (Eds.), Handbook of psychology: Research methods in psychology (pp. 663–685). New York, NY: Wiley.
41.
LanzaS. T.RhodesB. L.NixR. L.GreenbergM. T. (2010). Modeling the interplay of multilevel risk factors for future academic and behavior problems: A person-centered approach. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 313–335.
42.
LauA. S. (2006). Making the case for selective and directed cultural adaptations of evidence-based treatments: Examples from parent training. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13, 295–310.
43.
LeongF. T. L.HardinE. E.GuptaA. (2010). A cultural formulation approach to career assessment and career counseling with Asian American clients. Journal of Career Development, 37, 465–486.
44.
LeongF. T. L.KimH. H. W.GuptaA. (2011). Attitudes toward professional counseling among Asian-American college students: Acculturation, conceptions of mental illness, and loss of face. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 2, 140–153.
45.
LeongF. T. L.LeeS. A. (2006). A cultural accommodation model for cross-cultural psychotherapy: Illustrated with the case of Asian Americans. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43, 410–423.
46.
LoY.MendellN.RubinD. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88, 767–778.
47.
LópezI. R.ContrerasJ. M. (2005). The best of both worlds: Biculturality, acculturation and adjustment among young mainland Puerto Rican mothers. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology, 36, 192–208.
48.
MarínG. (1992). Issues in the measurement of acculturation among Hispanics. In GeisingerK. F. (Ed.), Psychological testing of Hispanics (pp. 23–51). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
49.
MarínG.SabogalF.VanOssM. B.Otero-SabogalR.Perez-StableE. J. (1987). Development of a short acculturation scale for Hispanics. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 9, 183–205.
50.
MatsudairaT. (2006). Measures of psychological acculturation: A review. Transcultural Psychiatry, 43, 462–487.
51.
Mendoza-DentonR.Goldman-FlytheM.PietrzakJ.DowneyG.AcevesM. J. (2010). Group-value ambiguity: Understanding the effects of academic feedback on minority students’ self-esteem. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 127–135.
52.
MosherC. E.PrelowH. M. (2007). Active and avoidant coping and coping efficacy as mediators of the relation of maternal involvement to depressive symptoms among urban adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 876–887.
53.
MuthénL. K.MuthénB. O. (1998-2011). MPlus user’s guide (6th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
54.
NorrisA. E.FordK.BovaC. A. (1996). Psychometrics of a brief acculturation scale for Hispanics in a probability sample of urban Hispanic adolescents and young adults. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 18, 29–38.
55.
ObasiE. M.LeongF. T. L. (2009). Psychological distress, acculturation, and mental health-seeking attitudes among people of African descent in the United States: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 227–238.
56.
OrozcoS.LukasS. (2000). Gender differences in acculturation and aggression as predictors of drug use in minorities. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 59, 165–172.
57.
ParkR. E. (1928). Human migration and the marginal man. American Journal of Sociology, 33, 881–893.
58.
PaukertA. L.PettitJ. W.PerezM.WalkerR. L. (2006). Affective and attributional features of acculturative stress among ethnic minority college students. Journal of Psychology, 140, 405–419.
59.
PeredaN.FornsM.PeróM. (2007). Dimensional structure of the Brief Symptom Inventory with Spanish college students. Psicothema, 19, 634–639.
60.
PhinneyJ. S.ChaviraV.WilliamsonL. (1992). Acculturation attitudes and self-esteem among high school and college students. Youth and Society, 23, 299–312.
61.
PhinneyJ. S.Devich-NavarroM. (1997). Variations in bicultural identification among African American and Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 7, 3–32.
62.
PritchardM. E.WilsonG. W.YamnitzB. (2007). What predicts adjustment among college students? A longitudinal panel study. Journal of American College Health, 56, 15–22.
63.
RamaswamyV.DeSarboW. S.ReibsteinD. J.RobinsonW. T. (1993). An empirical pooling approach for estimating marketing mix elasticities with PIMS data. Marketing Science, 12, 103–124.
64.
RedfieldR.LintonR.HerskovitsM. (1936). Memorandum on the study of acculturation. American Anthropologist, 38, 149–152.
65.
RobinsR. W.JohnO. P.CaspiA. (1998). The typological approach to studying personality. In CairnsR. B.BergmanL.KaganJ. (Eds.), Methods and models for studying the individual (pp. 135–160). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
66.
RoeschS. C.VillodasM.VillodasF. (2010). Latent class/profile analysis in maltreatment research: A commentary on Nooner et al., Pears et al., and looking beyond. Child Abuse and Neglect, 34, 155–160.
67.
RuelasS. R.AtkinsonD. R.Ramos-SanchezL. (1998). Counselor Helping Model, participant ethnicity and acculturation lever, and perceived counselor credibility. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 98–103.
68.
RyderA. G.AldenL. E.PaulhusD. L. (2000). Is acculturation unidimensional or bidimensional? A head-to-head comparison in the prediction of personality, self-identity, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 49–65.
69.
SandhuD. S. (1999). Asian and Pacific Islander Americans: Issues and concerns for counseling and psychotherapy. Commack, NY: Nova Science.
70.
SandlerI. N.TeinJ. Y.MehtaP.WolchikS.AyersT. (2000). Coping efficacy and psychological problems in children of divorce. Child Development, 71, 1099–1118.
71.
SatorraA.BentlerP. M. (1988). Scaling corrections for chi-square statistics in covariance structure analysis. Proceedings of the American Statistical Association, 308–313.
72.
SchmitzP. G. (1992). Acculturation styles and health. In Innovations in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 360–370). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
73.
SchmitzP. G. (1994). Se puede generalizar el modelo de aculturación de John Berry? [Can John Berry’s model of acculturation be generalized?]. Revista de Psicologia Social y Personalidad, 10, 17–35.
74.
SchwartzS. J.WeisskirchR. S.ZamboangaB. L.CastilloL. G.HamL. H.HuynhQ.CanoM. A. (2011). Dimensions of acculturation: Associations with health risk behaviors among college students from immigrant families. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 27–41.
75.
SchwartzS. J.ZamboangaB. L. (2008). Testing Berry’s model of acculturation: A confirmatory latent class approach. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 14, 275–285.
76.
SchwartzS. J.ZamboangaB. L.RodriguezL.WangS. C. (2007). The structure of cultural identity in an ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 29, 159–173.
77.
SchwarzG. (1978). Estimating the dimension of a model. Annals of Statistics, 6, 461–464.
78.
SmedleyB. D.MyersH. F.HarrellS. P. (1993). Minority-status stresses and the college adjustment of ethnic minority freshmen. Journal of Higher Education, 64, 434–452.
79.
SnowdenL. R.HinesA. M. (1999). A scale to assess African American acculturation. Journal of Black Psychology, 25, 36–47.
80.
StephensonM. (2000). Development and validation of the Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale (SMAS). Psychological Assessment, 12, 77–88.
81.
SteigerJ. S. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173–180.
82.
StonequistE. V. (1935). The problem of the marginal man. American Journal of Sociology, 41, 1–12.
83.
SueS. (2006). Cultural competency: From philosophy to research to practice. Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 237–245.
84.
SueS.ChuJ. (2003). The mental health of ethnic minority groups: Challenges posed by the Surgeon General’s report on mental health. Culture, Medicine, and Psychiatry, 27, 447–465.
85.
SuinnR. M. (2009). Acculturation: Measurements and review of findings. In Nhi-HaT.RhoY. C.LuF. G.SandersK. M. (Eds.), Handbook of mental health and acculturation in Asian American families (pp. 3–23).New York, NY: Humana Press.
86.
SuinnR. M.Rickard-FigueroaK.LewS.VigilP. (1987). The Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale: An initial report. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47, 401–407.
87.
SuzukiL. A.CasasJ. M.AlexanderC. M.PonterottoJ. G. (2010). Handbook of multicultural counseling (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
88.
SwensonR. R.PrelowH. M. (2005). Ethnic identity, self-esteem, and perceived efficacy as mediators of the relation of supportive parenting to psychosocial outcomes among urban adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 28, 465–477.
89.
SzapocznikJ.ScopettaM. A.KurtinesW.de los Angeles AranaldeM. (1978). Theory and measurement of acculturation. Inter-American Journal of Psychology, 12, 113–130.
90.
ThomanL. V.SurisA. (2004). Acculturation and acculturative stress as predictors of psychological distress and quality-of-life functioning in Hispanic psychiatric patients. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 26, 293–311.
91.
ThomsonM. D.Goetz-HoffmanL. (2009). Defining and measuring acculturation: A systematic review of public health studies with Hispanic populations in the United States. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 983–991.
92.
TorresL. (2010). Predicting levels of Latino depression: Acculturation, acculturative stress, and coping. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 16, 256–263.
93.
TorresL.RollockD. (2007). Acculturation and depression among Hispanics: The moderating effect of intercultural competence. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 13, 10–17.
94.
TownsendS. S. M.MarkusH. R.BergsiekerH. B. (2009). My choice, your categories: The denial of multiracial identities. Journal of Social Issues, 65, 185–204.
95.
UngerJ. B.GallagherP.ShakibS.Ritt-OlsonA.PalmerP. H.JohnsonC. A. (2002). The AHIMSA acculturation scale: A new measure of acculturation for adolescents in a multicultural society. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 225–251.
96.
VasquezE. P.Gonzalez-GuardaR. M.De SantisJ. P. (2011). Acculturation, depression, self-esteem, and substance abuse among Hispanic men. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 32, 90–97.
97.
VasquezM. J. T. (2007). Cultural difference and the therapeutic alliance: An evidence-based analysis. American Psychologist, 62, 878–885.
98.
WangC. D. C.MallinckrodtB. (2006). Acculturation, attachment, and psychosocial adjustment of Chinese/Taiwanese international students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53, 422–433.
99.
WardC. (2008). Thinking outside the Berry boxes: New perspectives on identity, acculturation, and intercultural relations. International Journal on Intercultural Relations, 32,105–114.
100.
WardC.KusL. (2012). Back to and beyond Berry’s basics: The conceptualization, operationalization and classification of acculturationInternational Journal of Intercultural Relations, 36, 472–485.
101.
WatsonJ. C. (2012). Managing college stress: The role of college counselors. Journal of College Counseling, 15, 3–4.
102.
WeiM.LiaoK. Y.ChaoR. C.MallinckrodtB.TsaiP.Botello-ZamaroonR. (2010). Minority stress, perceived bicultural competence, and depressive symptoms among ethnic minority college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 57, 411–422.
103.
WhaleyA. L.DavisK. E. (2007). Cultural competence and evidence-based practice in mental health services: A complementary perspective. American Psychologist, 62, 563–574.
104.
WorthingtonR. L.Soth-McNettA. M.MorenoM. V. (2007). Multicultural counseling competencies research: A 20-year content analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 54, 351–361.
105.
YoonE.LangrehrK.OngL. A. (2011). Content analysis of acculturation research in counseling and counseling psychology: A 22-year review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 83–96.
106.
YuenR.TinsleyH. (1981). International and American students’ expectations about counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 66–69.
107.
ZaneN.MakW. (2003). Major approaches to the measurement of acculturation among ethnic minority populations: A content analysis and an alternative empirical strategy. In ChunK. M.OrganistaP. B.MarinG. (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 39–60). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
108.
Zeigler-HillV.BesserA.KingK. (2011). Contingent self-esteem and anticipated reactions to interpersonal rejection and achievement failure. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30, 1069–1096.
109.
ZemoreS. E. (2007). Acculturation and alcohol among Latino adults in the United States: A comprehensive review. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 1968–1990.
