This article briefly describes soft modeling with partial least squares (pls) in a nontechnical manner. soft modeling with pls was developed by herman wold (1985) for model building and evaluation in situations with high complexity but without well-articulated theories. because many believe that this is the situation in education, we believe that soft modeling with pls is a useful tool for educational research.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Azorin-Poch, F. (1989). Discussion of Dagum's paper. In H. Wold (Ed.), Theoretical empiricism (pp. 151–152). New York: Paragon.
2.
Baumrind, D. (1983). Specious causal attributions in the social sciences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1289--1298.
3.
Bertholet, J. L. (1989). Categorical data: Methodological implications and analysis in the field of social and cognitive development. In H. Wold (Ed.), Theoretical empiricism (pp. 265–280). New York: Paragon.
4.
Broberg, A. G., Hwang, C. P., Lamb, M. E., & Bookstein, F. L. (1990). Factors related to verbal abilities in Swedish preschoolers. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8, 335--349.
5.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Six theories of child development: Revised formations and current issues (pp. 1–60). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
6.
Cowan, C. P., Cowan, P. A., Heming, G., & Miller, N. B. (1991). Becoming a family: Marriage, parenting and child development. In P. A. Cowan & M. Hetherington (Eds.), Family transitions (pp. 79–109). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
7.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1956). Construct validity in psychological tests. In H. Feigl & M. Scriven (Eds.), Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science. Vol I: The foundations of science and concepts of psychology and psychoanalysis (pp. 239–252). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
8.
Dagum, C. (1989). Scientific model building: Principles, methods and history. In H. Wold (Ed.), Theoretical empiricism (pp. 113–150). New York: Paragon.
9.
Engfer, A. (1988). The interrelatedness of marriage and the motherchild relationship. In R. A. Hinde & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), Relationships within families (pp. 104–118). London: Clarendon Press.
10.
Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1991). A soft models approach to family transitions. In P. A. Cowan & M. Hetherington (Eds.), Family transitions (pp. 273–301). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
11.
Falk, R. F., & Miller, N. B. (1993). A primer for soft modeling.Akron, OH: University of Akron Press.
12.
Fornell, C., & Bookstein, F. (1982). A comparative analysis of two structural equation models: LISREL and PLS applied to market data. In C. Fornell (Ed.), A second generation of multivariate analysis (Vol. 1, pp. 289--323). New York: Praeger.
13.
Hui, B. (1982). On building partial least square models with interdependent inner models. In K. G. Jöreskog & H. Wold (Eds.), Systems under indirect observation (Vol 2, pp. 250--271). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
14.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Wold, H. (1982). The ML and PLS techniques for modeling with latent variables: Historical and comparative aspects. In K. G. Jöreskog & H. Wold (Eds.), Systems under indirect observation (pp. 263–270). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
15.
Keeves, J. P. (1986). Testing the model by multivariate analysis. International Journal of Educational Research, 10, 159--204.
16.
Ketterlinus, R. D., Bookstein, F. L., Sampson, P. D., & Lamb, M. E. (1989). Partial least squares analysis in developmental psychopathology. Developmental Psychopathology, 1, 351--371.
17.
Lohmoller, J. B. (1982). An overview of latent variables with path analysis. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Education Research Association, New York. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 219 427)
18.
Lohmoller, J. B. (1984). LVPLS 1.6 program.Cologne, Germany: Universitaetzu Koehn, Zentralarchiv fuer Empirische Sozialforschung.
19.
Lohmoller, J. B. (1985). Path models with latent variables and partial least squares (PLS).Würzburg. Germany: Physica Verlag.
20.
Lohmoller, J. B. (1989). Basic principles of model building: Specification, estimation, evaluation. In H. Wold (Ed.), Theoretical empiricism (pp. 1–25). New York: Paragon.
21.
Lohmoller, J. B., & Wold, H. (1984). Introduction to PLS estimation of path models with latent variables including some recent developments on mixed scale variables. In G. Melischek, K. E. Rosengren, & J. Stappers (Eds.), Cultural indicators (pp. 501–519). Wien. Vienna: Verlag der Osterreichishen Akademie der Wissenschaften.
22.
Martin, J. A. (1982). Application of structural modeling with latent variables to adolescent drug use: A reply to Huba, Wingard, and Bentler. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 598--603.
23.
Martin, J. A. (1987). Structural equation modeling: A guide for the perplexed. Child Development, 58(1), 33–37.
24.
Meyer, H. J. (1988). Marital and mother-child relationships. In R. A. Hinde & J. Stevenson-Hinde (Eds.), Relationships within families (pp. 119–142). London: Clarendon Press.
25.
Miller, N., Cowan, P., Cowan, C., Hetherington, M., & Clingempeel, W. (1993). Externalizing in preschoolers and early adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 29(1), 3–18.
26.
Noonan, R. (1989). Evaluation of school systems using partial least squares (PLS): An application in the analysis of open social systems. In H. Wold (Ed.), Theoretical empiricism (pp. 31–62). New York: Paragon.
27.
Noonan, R., & Wold, H. (1983). Evaluating school systems using partial least squares. Evaluation in Education, 7, 219--364.
28.
Noonan, R., & Wold, H. (1985). Partial least squares. In T. Husen & T. N. Postlethwaite (Eds.), International encyclopedia of education (Vol. 7. pp. 3769--3775). Oxford, England: Pergamon.
29.
Scheungrab. M. (1990). Die abbildung von beziehungen zwischen medienkonsum und delinquenz im rahmen kausalanalytischer modelle. Archiv fur Psychologie, 142, 295--322.
30.
Schneider, W., Borkowski, J. G., Kurtz, B. E., Kerwin, K. (1985, April). Metamemory and motivation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Chicago.
31.
Schneider, W., & Bos, K. (1985). Exploratorische analysen zu komponenten des schulerflogs. Zeitscrift fur Entwicklungs-psychologie und padagogische psychologie, 17, 325--340.
32.
Sellin, N. (1986). Partial least squares analyses. International Journal of Educational Research, 10, 189--200.
33.
Tanaka, J. S. (1987). How big is big enough?Child Development, 58, 134--46.
34.
Thom, R. (1975). Structural stability and morphogenesis.Reading, WA: Benjamin.
35.
Wold, H. (1969). Mergers of economics and philosophy of science: A cruise in shallow waters and deep seas. Synthese, 20, 427--482.
36.
Wold, H. (1981). Model construction and evaluation when theoretical knowledge is scarce: On the theory and application of partial least squares. In J. Kmenta & J. Ramsey (Eds.), Evaluation of econometric models (pp. 47–74). New York: Academic Press.
37.
Wold, H. (1982). Soft modeling: The basic design and some extensions. In K. G. Jöreskog and H. Wold (Eds.), Systems under indirect observation (Vol. 2, pp. 1--54). Amsterdam: North-Holland.
38.
Wold, H. (1985). Partial least squares. In S. Kotz & N. L. Johnson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of statistical sciences (Vol. 6, pp. 581--591). New York: Wiley.
39.
Wold, H. (Ed.). (1989). Theoretical empiricism: A general rationale for scientific model-building.New York: Paragon.