Because of recent changes in general and special education policies, special educators who previously worked with secondary students in self-contained academic classes, resource rooms, or cotaught classes find themselves assigned to new roles that demand different collaborative skills. Based on 2 years of interviews, field notes, and observations in an inclusive high school, this study focuses on the perspectives of two special educators who redefined their daily practices in partnership with a university professional development specialist as they implemented an unusual collaborative-consultation model. Their responsibilities and relationships with teachers, students, and administrators are examined in light of the literature on collaborative models for inclusive education of high school students.
Beattie, J., Jordan, L., & Algozzine, R. ( 2006). Making inclusion work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
2.
Boudah, D., Schumacher, J., & Deshler, D. ( 1997). Collaborative instruction: Is it an effective option for inclusion in secondary classrooms? Learning Disability Quarterly, 20, 293-316.
3.
Brigharm, N., Cobb Morrocco, C., Clay, K., & Zigmond, N. ( 2006). What makes a high school a good high school for students with disabilities. Learning Disabilities Research and Practice , 21, 184-190.
4.
Carpenter, L.B., & Dyal, A. ( 2007). Secondary inclusion: Strategies for implementing the consultative teacher model. Education, 127, 344-350.
5.
Deshler, D., Schumaker, J., Bui, Y., & Vernon, S. ( 2006). Teaching adolescents with disabilities: Accessing the general education curriculum. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
6.
Dettmer, P., Thurston, L., & Dyck, N. ( 2005). Consultation, collaboration, and teamwork for students with special needs (5th ed.). Boston: Pearson/Allyn & Bacon.
7.
Friend, M. ( 2000). Myths and misunderstandings about professional collaboration . Remedial and Special Education, 21, 130-133.
8.
Friend, M., & Cook, L. ( 2007). Interactions: Collaboration skills for school professionals (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill Prentice Hall.
9.
Gutkin, T. ( 1996). Core elements of consultation service delivery for special service personnel: Rationale, practice, and some directions for the future . Remedial and Special Education, 17, 333-340.
10.
Huefner, D. ( 1988). The consulting teacher model: Risks and opportunities . Exceptional Children, 54, 403-414.
11.
Idol, L. ( 2006). Toward inclusion of special education students in general education. Remedial and Special Education, 27, 77-94.
12.
Idol, L., Nevin, A., & Paolucci-Whitcomb, P. (1994). Collaborative consultation (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro-Ed.
13.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004, Pub. L. No. 108-446, 118 Stat. 2647 (2004).
14.
Kampwirth, T.J. ( 2003). Collaborative consultation in the schools: Effective practices for students with learning and behavior problems (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill.
15.
Kloo, A., & Zigmond, N. ( 2008). Coteaching revisited: Redrawing the blueprint. Preventing School Failure, 52(2), 12-20.
16.
Knackendoffel, E.A. ( 2005). Collaborative teaming in the secondary school. Focus on Exceptional Children, 37(5), 1-16.
17.
Laframboise, K., Epanchin, B., Colucci, K., & Hocutt, A. ( 2004). Working together: Emerging roles of special and general educators in inclusive settings. Action in Teacher Education , 26(3), 29-43.
18.
Lincoln, Y., & Guba, E. ( 1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
19.
Magiera, K., & Zigmond, N. ( 2005). Co-teaching in middle school classrooms under routine conditions: Does the instructional experience differ for students with disabilities in co-taught and solo-taught classes? Learning Disabilities Research and Practice, 20, 79-85.
McLaughlin, M. ( 2006, November). Closing the achievement gap and students with disabilities: The new meaning of free and appropriate public education. Paper presented at the Campaign for Educational Equity symposium , New York.
22.
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001, Pub. L. No. 107-110, 115 Stat. 1425 (2002).
23.
Schulte, A.C., Osborne, S.S., & Kauffman, J.M. (1993). Teacher responses to two types of consultative special education services. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 4, 1-27.
24.
Schulte, A., Osborne, S., & McKinney, J. ( 1990). Academic outcomes for students with learning disabilities in consultation and resource programs. Exceptional Children , 57, 162-172.
25.
Schumaker, J., & Deshler, D. ( 1995). Secondary classes can be inclusive, too. Educational Leadership, 52, 50-51.
26.
Scruggs, T., Mastropieri, M., & McDuffie, K. ( 2007). Co-teaching in inclusive classrooms: A metasynthesis of qualitative research. Exceptional Children, 73, 392-416.
27.
Sheridan, S., Welch, M., & Orme, S. ( 1996). Is consultation effective? A review of outcome research . Remedial and Special Education, 17, 341-354.
28.
Simmons, R.J., & Magiera, K. ( 2007). Evaluation of co-teaching in three high schools within one school district: How do you know when they are truly co-teaching? Teaching Exceptional Children Plus, 3(3), 1-12.
29.
Strauss, A., & Corbin, J. ( 1990). Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
30.
Vaughan, S., & Schumm, J. ( 1995). Responsible inclusion for students with learning disabilities . Journal of Learning Disabilities, 28, 264-270.
31.
Wallace, T., Anderson, A.R., & Bartholomay, T. (2002). Collaboration: An element associated with the success of four inclusive high schools. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 13, 349-382.
32.
Weiss, M., & Lloyd, J. ( 2002). Congruence between roles and actions of secondary special educators in co-taught and special education settings. Journal of Special Education, 36, 58-68.
33.
West, J.F., & Cannon, G. ( 1988). Essential collaborative consultation competencies for regular and special educators. Journal of Learning Disabilities , 21, 56-63.
34.
West, J.F., & Idol, L. ( 1987). School consultation (Part I): An interdisciplinary perspective on theory, models, and research. Journal of Learning Disabilities , 20, 388-408.
