Implicit race/ethnic prejudice was assessed using Spanish- and English-language versions of an Implicit Association Test that used Hispanic/Anglo first names and pleasant/unpleasant words as stimuli. This test was administered to a consecutive sample of Mexican American adults residing in the Rio Grande Valley region of Texas of whom about two-thirds chose to be tested in English and one-third preferred Spanish. Participants were mostly female (73%) with a mean age of 32 years and mean education of 13 years. Among 83 participants, 43% demonstrated in-group implicit prejudice while 26% showed out-group implicit prejudice toward Anglos. There was a significant negative correlation between family values (familism and filial piety) and implicit race/ethnic prejudice scores but no significant association was found between implicit race/ethnic prejudice scores and acculturation or skin tone. Results contribute to the ongoing controversy regarding the validity of implicit race/ethnic prejudice, supporting the concept that societal not individual prejudices are being measured.
AbersonC.ShoemakerC.TomolilloC. (2004). Implicit bias and contact: The role of interethnic friendship. Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 335-347.
2.
AFjustice.com. (2006). $50 million, less attorneys’ fees and costs, paid to class members in December 2005 in Abercrombie & Fitch discrimination lawsuit settlement. Retrieved from http://afjustice.com
3.
AllportG. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley.
4.
BlairI. V.JuddC. M.HavranekE. P.SteinerJ. F. (2010). Using community data to test the discriminant validity of ethnic/racial group IATs. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 218, 36-43.
5.
CuellarI.ArnoldB.MaldonadoR. (1995). Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans—II: A revision of the original ARSMA scale. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 17, 275-304.
6.
DasguptaN. (2004). Implicit ingroup favoritism, outgroup favoritism, and their behavioral manifestations. Social Justice Research, 17, 143-169.
7.
DasguptaN. (2010). Implicit measures of social cognition: Common themes and unresolved questions. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 218, 54-57.
8.
De HouwerJ. (2001). A structural and process analysis of the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 443-451.
9.
DevineP. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5-18.
10.
DuckittJ. H. (1992). Psychology and prejudice: A historical analysis and integrative framework. American Psychologist, 47, 1182-1193.
11.
ForoniF.Bel-BaharT. (2010). Picture-IAT versus word-IAT: Level of stimulus representation influences on the IAT. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 321-337.
12.
GasquoineP. G. (2008). Psychology of multicultural competence: Critical issues. Deer Park, NY: Linus.
13.
GawronskiB.LeBelE.PetersK. (2007). What do implicit measures tell us? Scrutinizing the validity of three common assumptions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2, 181-193.
14.
GreenwaldA. G.McGheeD. E.SchwartzJ. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
15.
GreenwaldA. G.UhlmannE. L.PoehlmanT. A.BanajiM. R. (2009). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17-41.
16.
HeiderJ. D.SkrowronskiJ. J. (2007). Improving the predictive validity of the implicit association test. North American Journal of Psychology, 9, 53-76.
17.
HouserR.WilczenskiF. L.HamM. (2006). Culturally relevant ethical decision making in counseling. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
18.
KatzI.HassR. (1988). Racial ambivalence and American value conflict: Correlational and priming studies of dual cognitive structures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 893-905.
19.
KriegerN.SidneyS.CoakleyE. (1998). Racial discrimination and skin color in the CARDIA study: Implications for public health research. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 1308-1313.
20.
McConnellA. R.LieboldJ. M. (2001). Relations between the Implicit Association Test, explicit racial attitudes, and discriminatory behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 37, 435-442.
21.
McFarlandS. G.CrouchZ. (2002). A cognitive skill confound on the Implicit Association Test. Social Cognition, 20, 483-510.
22.
OlsonM. A.CrawfordM. T.DevlinW. (2009). Evidence for the underestimation of implicit in-group favoritism among low-status groups. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1111-1116.
23.
Popa-RochM.DelmasF. (2010). Prejudice Implicit Association Test effects: The role of self-related heuristics. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 218, 44-50.
24.
RothermundK.WenturaD. (2004). Underlying processes in the implicit association test: Dissociating salience from associations. Journal of Experimental Psychology, General, 133, 139-165.
25.
SheltonJ. N.RichesonJ. A.SalvatoreJ.TrawalterS. (2005). Ironic effects of racial bias during interracial interactions. Psychological Science, 16, 397-402.
26.
SueD. W.CapodilupoC. M.TorinoG. C.BucceriJ. M.HolderA. M. B.NadalK. L.EsquilinM. (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271-286.
27.
SueD. W.SueD. (2008). Counseling the culturally diverse: Theory and practice (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
28.
TajfelH. (1970). Experiments in intergroup discrimination. Scientific American, 223, 96-102.
29.
UhlmannE.DasguptaN.EkguetaA.GreenwaldA. G.SwansonJ. (2002). Subgroup prejudice based on skin color among Hispanics in the United States and Latin America. Social Cognition, 20, 198-225.
30.
UngerJ. B.Ritt-OlsonA.TeranL.HuangT.HoffmanB. R.PalmerP. (2002). Cultural values and substance use in a multiethnic sample of California adolescents. Addiction Research and Theory, 10, 257-279.
31.
WadeP. (1997) Race and ethnicity in Latin America. London, England: Pluto Press.
32.
WechslerD. (1999). Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. San Antonio, TX: Pearson.
33.
WeyantJ. M. (2005) Implicit stereotyping of Hispanics: Development and validity of a Hispanic version of the Implicit Association Test. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 27, 355-363.
