Urban digital twins (UDTs) hold promise for solving complex urban problems. However, the current research landscape is fragmented and lacks clarity. This article aims to (1) promote consensus on UDT definition and illustrate their development from domain-specific to intra-city and inter-city models; (2) synthesize current applications to uncover untapped potential; (3) categorize challenges into a triangulated framework and report the latest progress; and (4) discuss standardization and emerging opportunities in technology. This review advocates establishing comprehensive databases, exploring cross-domain interactions, and enhancing human-AI collaboration. Ultimately, it envisions UDTs as central to advancing sustainability and livability in future urban planning.
AbdeenF. N.ShirowzhanS.SepasgozarS. M. E.2023. “Citizen-Centric Digital Twin Development with Machine Learning and Interfaces for Maintaining Urban Infrastructure.” Telematics and Informatics84:102032. doi:10.1016/j.tele.2023.102032.
2.
AguiarA.FernandesP.GuerreiroA. P.TomásR.João AgneloJosé Luís SantosFilipe Araújo, et al. 2022. “MobiWise: Eco-Routing Decision Support Leveraging the Internet of Things.” Sustainable Cities and Society87:104180. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2022.104180.
3.
AhnC.HamY.KimJ.KimJ.2020. “A Digital Twin City Model for Age-Friendly Communities: Capturing Environmental Distress from Multimodal Sensory Data.” scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/63945.
4.
AkroydJ.MosbachS.BhaveA.KraftM.2021. “Universal Digital Twin—A Dynamic Knowledge Graph.” Data-Centric Engineering2:e14. doi:10.1017/dce.2021.10.
5.
AllamZ.BibriS. E.JonesD. S.ChabaudD.MorenoC.2022. “Unpacking the ‘15-Minute City’ via 6G, IoT, and Digital Twins: Towards a New Narrative for Increasing Urban Efficiency, Resilience, and Sustainability.” Sensors22 (4): 1369. doi:10.3390/s22041369.
6.
AllamZ.JonesD. S.2021. “Future (Post-COVID) Digital, Smart and Sustainable Cities in the Wake of 6G: Digital Twins, Immersive Realities and New Urban Economies.” Land Use Policy101:105201. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105201.
7.
Al-SehrawyR.KumarB.WatsonR.2021. “A Digital Twin Uses Classification System for Urban Planning & City Infrastructure Management.” Journal of Information Technology in Construction26:832–62. doi:10.36680/j.itcon.2021.045.
8.
Al-SehrawyR.KumarB.WatsonR.2023. “The Pluralism of Digital Twins for Urban Management: Bridging Theory and Practice.” Journal of Urban Management12:16–32. doi:10.1016/j.jum.2023.01.002.
9.
AlvaP.BiljeckiF.StouffsR.2022. “Use Cases for District-Scale Urban Digital Twins.” Paper presented at the 17TH 3D GeoInfo Conference, XLVIII-4/W4-2022. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w4-2022-5-2022.
10.
Argota Sánchez-VaquerizoJ. 2022. “Getting Real: The Challenge of Building and Validating a Large-Scale Digital Twin of Barcelona’s Traffic with Empirical Data.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information11 (1): 24. doi:10.3390/ijgi11010024.
11.
AustinM.DelgoshaeiP.CoelhoM.HeidarinejadM.2020. “Architecting Smart City Digital Twins: Combined Semantic Model and Machine Learning Approach.” Journal of Management in Engineering36 (4): 04020026. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000774.
12.
BadawiH. F.LaamartiF.El SaddikA.2021. “Devising Digital Twins DNA Paradigm for Modeling ISO-Based City Services.” Sensors21 (4): 1047. doi:10.3390/s21041047.
13.
BarcikP.CoufalikovaA.FrantisP.VavraJ.2022. “The Future Possibilities and Security Challenges of City Digitalization.” Smart Cities6 (1): 137–55. doi:10.3390/smartcities6010008.
14.
BartosM.KerkezB.2021. “Pipedream: An Interactive Digital Twin Model for Natural and Urban Drainage Systems.” Environmental Modelling & Software144:105120. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105120.
15.
BattyM.2018. “Digital Twins.” Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science45 (5): 817–20. doi:10.1177/2399808318796416.
16.
BauerM.CirilloF.FürstJ.SolmazG.KovacsE.2021. “Urban Digital Twins: A FIWARE-Based Model.” At—Automatisierungstechnik69 (12): 1106–15. doi:10.1515/auto-2021-0083.
17.
BeilC.RuhdorferR.CoduroT.KolbeT. H.2020. “Detailed Streetspace Modelling for Multiple Applications: Discussions on the Proposed CityGML 3.0 Transportation Model.” ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information9 (10): 603. doi:10.3390/ijgi9100603.
18.
BoculloVytautasMartišauskasLinasGatautisRamūnasVonžudaitėOtilijaBakasRimantasMilčiusDariusVenčaitisRytisPupeikisDarius. 2023. “A Digital Twin Approach to City Block Renovation Using RES Technologies.”Sustainability15 (12): 9307. doi:10.3390/su15129307.
19.
BononiL.DonatielloL.LongoD.MassariM.MontoriF.StacchioL.MarfiaG.2023. “Digital Twin Collaborative Platforms: Applications to Humans-in-the-Loop Crafting of Urban Areas.” IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine12 (6): 38–46. doi:10.1109/mce.2022.3214944.
20.
Botín-SanabriaD. M.MihaitaA.-S.Peimbert-GarcíaR. E.Ramírez-MorenoM. A.Ramírez-MendozaR. A.de J. Lozoya-SantosJ.2022. “Digital Twin Technology Challenges and Applications: A Comprehensive Review.” Remote Sensing14 (6): 1335. doi:10.3390/rs14061335.
21.
BozemanJ. F.ChopraS. S.JamesP.MuhammadS.CaiH.TongK.CarrasquilloM., et al. 2023. “Three Research Priorities for Just and Sustainable Urban Systems: Now Is the Time to Refocus.” Journal of Industrial Ecology27:382–94. doi:10.1111/jiec.13360.
22.
BuckleyN.MillsG.Letellier-DuchesneS.BenisK.2021. “Designing an Energy-Resilient Neighbourhood Using an Urban Building Energy Model.” Energies14 (15): 4445. doi:10.3390/en14154445.
23.
BujariA.CalvioA.FoschiniL.SabbioniA.CorradiA.2021. “A Digital Twin Decision Support System for the Urban Facility Management Process.” Sensors21 (24): 8460. doi:10.3390/s21248460.
24.
CaldarelliG.ArcauteE.BarthelemyM.BattyM.GershensonC.HelbingD.MancusoS., et al. 2023. “The Role of Complexity for Digital Twins of Cities.” Nature Computational Science3 (5): 374–81. doi:10.1038/s43588-023-00431-4.
CaprariG.CastelliG.MontuoriM.CamardelliM.MalvezziR.2022. “Digital Twin for Urban Planning in the Green Deal Era: A State of the Art and Future Perspectives.” Sustainability14 (10): 6263. doi:10.3390/su14106263.
27.
CastelliG.TognolaG.CampanaE. F.CestaA.DiezM.PadulaM.Paolo Ravazzani, et al. 2019. “Urban Intelligence: A Modular, Fully Integrated, and Evolving Model for Cities Digital Twinning.” Paper presented at the 2019 IEEE 16th International Conference on Smart Cities. doi:10.1109/honet.2019.8907962.
28.
ChaalalE.GuerlainCindyPardoEnricFayeSébastien. 2023. “Integrating Connected and Automated Shuttles with Other Mobility Systems: Challenges and Future Directions.” IEEE Access11:83081–83106. doi:10.1109/access.2023.3294110.
29.
CharitonidouM.2022. “Urban Scale Digital Twins in Data-Driven Society: Challenging Digital Universalism in Urban Planning Decision-Making.” International Journal of Architectural Computing20:238–53. doi:10.1177/14780771211070005.
ChoY.KimJ.2022. “A Study on Setting the Direction of Digital Twin Implementation for Urban Regeneration Business.” International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences9 (4): 147–54. doi:10.21833/ijaas.2022.04.018.
32.
ClemenT.Ahmady-MoghaddamNimaLenfersU. A.OckerF.OsterholzD.StröbeleJ.GlakeD.2021. “Multi-Agent Systems and Digital Twins for Smarter Cities.” Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGSIM Conference on Principles of Advanced Discrete Simulation. doi:10.1145/3437959.3459254.
33.
CondeJ.Munoz-ArcentalesA.AlonsoA.HuecasG.SalvachuaJ.2022. “Collaboration of Digital Twins Through Linked Open Data: Architecture with FIWARE as Enabling Technology.” IT Professional24 (6): 41–46. doi:10.1109/mitp.2022.3224826.
34.
ConejosP. F.Martínez AlzamoraF.Hervás CarotM.Alonso CamposJ. C.2020. “Building and Exploiting a Digital Twin for the Management of Drinking Water Distribution Networks.”Urban Water Journal17 (8): 704–13. doi:10.1080/1573062x.2020.1771382.
35.
CorradoC. R.DeLongS. M.HoltE. G.HuaE. Y.TolkA.2022. “Combining Green Metrics and Digital Twins for Sustainability Planning and Governance of Smart Buildings and Cities.” Sustainability14 (20): 12988. doi:10.3390/su142012988.
36.
DaniA. A. H.SupangkatSuhono HarsoLubisFetty FitriyantiGusti Bagus Baskara NugrahaI.KinandaRezkyRizkiaI.2023. “Development of a Smart City Platform Based on Digital Twin Technology for Monitoring and Supporting Decision-Making.”Sustainability15 (18): 14002. doi:10.3390/su151814002.
37.
DembskiF.YamuC.WössnerUwe. 2019. “Digital Twin, Virtual Reality and Space Syntax: Civic Engagement and Decision Support for Smart, Sustainable Cities.”Proceedings of the 12th Space Syntax Symposium, Beijing, China, 2019.
38.
DengT.ZhangK.ShenZ.-J. (Max). 2021. “A Systematic Review of a Digital Twin City: A New Pattern of Urban Governance toward Smart Cities.” Journal of Management Science and Engineering6 (2): 125–34. doi:10.1016/j.jmse.2021.03.003.
39.
D’HauwersR.WalravensN.BallonP.2021. “From an Inside-in Towards an Outside-Out Urban Digital Twin-Business Models and Implementation Challenges.” ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, VIII-4/W1-2021: 25–32. doi:10.5194/isprs-annals-viii-4-w1-2021-25-2021.
40.
DöllnerJ.2020. “Geospatial Artificial Intelligence: Potentials of Machine Learning for 3D Point Clouds and Geospatial Digital Twins.” PFG—Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science88 (1): 15–24. doi:10.1007/s41064-020-00102-3.
41.
DuJ.ZhuQ.ShiY.WangQ.LinY.ZhaoD.2020. “Cognition Digital Twins for Personalized Information Systems of Smart Cities: Proof of Concept.” Journal of Management in Engineering36 (2):04019052. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000740.
42.
EomS.-J.2022. “The Emerging Digital Twin Bureaucracy in the 21st Century.” Perspectives on Public Management and Governance5:174–86. doi:10.1093/ppmgov/gvac005.
43.
FanC.JiangY.MostafaviA.2020. “Social Sensing in Disaster City Digital Twin: Integrated Textual–Visual–Geo Framework for Situational Awareness during Built Environment Disruptions.” Journal of Management in Engineering36 (3): 04020002. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000745.
44.
FanC.ZhangC.YahjaA.MostafaviA.2019. “Disaster City Digital Twin: A Vision for Integrating Artificial and Human Intelligence for Disaster Management.” International Journal of Information Management56:102049. doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102049.
45.
FanZ.YangX.YuanW.JiangR.ChenQ.SongX.ShibasakiRyosuke. 2022. “Online Trajectory Prediction for Metropolitan Scale Mobility Digital Twin.” SIGSPATIAL ’22: The 30th International Conference on Advances in Geographic Information Systems. doi:10.1145/3557915.3561040.
46.
Ferré-BigorraJ.CasalsM.GangolellsM.2022. “The Adoption of Urban Digital Twins.” Cities131:103905. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2022.103905.
47.
FordD. N.WolfC. M.2020. “Smart Cities with Digital Twin Systems for Disaster Management.” Journal of Management in Engineering36 (4): 04020027. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000779.
48.
FotheringhamA. S.2024. “Digital Twins: The Current ‘Krays’ of Urban Analytics?”Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science3:16. doi:10.1177/23998083231169159.
49.
FranciscoA.MohammadiN.TaylorJ. E.2020. “Smart City Digital Twin–Enabled Energy Management: Toward Real-Time Urban Building Energy Benchmarking.” Journal of Management in Engineering36 (2): 04019045. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000741.
50.
FullerA.FanZ.DayC.BarlowC.2020. “Digital Twin: Enabling Technologies, Challenges and Open Research.” IEEE Access8:108952–71. doi:10.1109/access.2020.2998358.
51.
GhaithM.YosriA.El-DakhakhniW.2022. “Synchronization-Enhanced Deep Learning Early Flood Risk Predictions: The Core of Data-Driven City Digital Twins for Climate Resilience Planning.” Water14 (22): 3619. doi:10.3390/w14223619.
52.
GholamiM.TorreggianiD.TassinariP.BarbaresiA.2022. “Developing a 3D City Digital Twin: Enhancing Walkability through a Green Pedestrian Network (GPN) in the City of Imola, Italy.” Land11 (11): 1917. doi:10.3390/land11111917.
53.
GrübelJ.ThrashT.AguilarL.Gath-MoradM.ChatainJ.SumnerR. W.HölscherC.SchinaziV. R.2022. “The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Fused Twins: A Review of Access to Digital Twins in Situ in Smart Cities.” Remote Sensing14 (13): 3095. doi:10.3390/rs14133095.
54.
HamY.KimJ.2020. “Participatory Sensing and Digital Twin City: Updating Virtual City Models for Enhanced Risk-Informed Decision-Making.” Journal of Management in Engineering36 (3): 04020005. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000748.
55.
HämäläinenM.2021. “Urban Development with Dynamic Digital Twins in Helsinki City.” IET Smart Cities3:201–10. doi:10.1049/smc2.12015.
56.
HosseiniHaghighiSeyedehRabeehde UribarriPilar Monsalvete ÁlvarezPadsalaRushikeshEickerUrsula. 2021. “Characterizing and Structuring Urban GIS Data for Housing Stock Energy Modelling and Retrofitting.” Energy and Buildings256:111706. doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.111706.
57.
Hudson-SmithA. 2022. “Incoming Metaverses: Digital Mirrors for Urban Planning.” Urban Planning7 (2): 343–54. doi:10.17645/up.v7i2.5193.
58.
HumanC.BassonA.KrugerK.2023. “A Design Framework for a System of Digital Twins and Services.” Computers in Industry144:103796. doi:10.1016/j.compind.2022.103796.
59.
IvanovS.NikolskayaK.RadchenkoG.SokolinskyL.ZymblerM.2020. “Digital Twin of City: Concept Overview.” Global Smart Industry Conference. doi:10.1109/GloSIC50886.2020.9267879.
60.
JonesD.SniderC.NassehiA.YonJ.HicksB.2020. “Characterising the Digital Twin: A Systematic Literature Review.” CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology29 (1755–5817): 36–52. doi:10.1016/j.cirpj.2020.02.002.
61.
KetzlerB.NaserentinV.LatinoF.ZangelidisC.ThuvanderL.LoggA.2020. “Digital Twins for Cities: A State of the Art Review.” Built Environment46 (4): 547–73. doi:10.2148/benv.46.4.547.
62.
KikuchiN.FukudaT.YabukiN.2022. “Future Landscape Visualization Using a City Digital Twin: Integration of Augmented Reality and Drones with Implementation of 3D Model-Based Occlusion Handling.” Journal of Computational Design and Engineering9 (2): 837–56. doi:10.1093/jcde/qwac032.
63.
KimJ.KimH.HamY.2019. “Mapping Local Vulnerabilities into a 3D City Model through Social Sensing and the CAVE System toward Digital Twin City.” Computing in Civil Engineering 2019: Smart Cities, Sustainability, and Resilience—Selected Papers from the ASCE International Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering 2019. doi:10.1061/9780784482445.058.
64.
KnezevicM.DonaubauerA.MoshrefzadehM.KolbeT. H.2022. “Managing Urban Digital Twins with an Extended Catalog Service.” ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, X-4/W3-2022. doi:10.5194/isprs-annals-x-4-w3-2022-119-2022.
65.
KumalasariD.KoevaM.VahdatikhakiF.Petrova AntonovaD.KufferM.2023. “Planning Walkable Cities: Generative Design Approach towards Digital Twin Implementation.” Remote Sensing15 (4): 1088. doi:10.3390/rs15041088.
66.
KuruK.2023. “MetaOmniCity: Toward Immersive Urban Metaverse Cyberspaces Using Smart City Digital Twins.” IEEE Access11:43844–68. doi:10.1109/access.2023.3272890.
67.
LangenheimN.SabriS.ChenY.KesmanisA.FelsonA.MuellerA.RajabifardA.ZhangY.2022. “Adapting a Digital Twin to Enable Real-Time Water Sensitive Urban Design Decision-Making.” The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, XLVIII-4/W4-2022. doi:10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-4-w4-2022-95-2022.
68.
LeeA.LeeK.-W.KimK.-H.ShinS.-W.2022. “A Geospatial Platform to Manage Large-Scale Individual Mobility for an Urban Digital Twin Platform.” Remote Sensing14 (3): 723. doi:10.3390/rs14030723.
69.
LehtolaV. V.KoevaM.ElberinkS. O.RaposoP.VirtanenJ.-P.VahdatikhakiF.BorsciS.2022. “Digital Twin of a City: Review of Technology Serving City Needs.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation114:102915. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2022.102915.
70.
LeiB.JanssenP.StoterJ.BiljeckiF.2023. “Challenges of Urban Digital Twins: A Systematic Review and a Delphi Expert Survey.” Automation in Construction147:104716. doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2022.104716.
71.
LeiB.StouffsRudiBiljeckiFilip. 2022. “Assessing and Benchmarking 3D City Models.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science37 (4): 788–809. doi:10.1080/13658816.2022.2140808.
72.
LenfersU. A.Ahmady-MoghaddamN.GlakeD.OckerF.OsterholzD.StröbeleJ.ClemenT.2021. “Improving Model Predictions—Integration of Real-Time Sensor Data into a Running Simulation of an Agent-Based Model.” Sustainability13 (13): 7000. doi:10.3390/su13137000.
73.
LiD.YuW.ShaoZ.2021. “Smart City Based on Digital Twins.” Computational Urban Science1 (1): 4. doi:10.1007/s43762-021-00005-y.
74.
LiaoS.WuJ.BashirA. K.YangW.LiJ.TariqU.2022. “Digital Twin Consensus for Blockchain-Enabled Intelligent Transportation Systems in Smart Cities.” IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems23 (11): 22619–29. doi:10.1109/tits.2021.3134002.
75.
LitavnieceLieniteKodorsSergejsAdamonieneRūtaKijaskoJelena. 2023. “Digital Twin: An Approach to Enhancing Tourism Competitiveness.” Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes15:538–48. doi:10.1108/whatt-06-2023-0074.
76.
LiuC.TianY.2023. “Recognition of Digital Twin City from the Perspective of Complex System Theory: Lessons from Chinese Practice.” Journal of Urban Management12:182–92. doi:10.1016/j.jum.2023.04.001.
77.
LiuP.ZhaoT.LuoJ.LeiB.FreiM.MillerC.BiljeckiF.2023. “Towards Human-Centric Digital Twins: Leveraging Computer Vision and Graph Models to Predict Outdoor Comfort.” Sustainable Cities and Society93:104480. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104480.
78.
LohmanW.CornelissenH.BorstJ.KlerkxR.AraghiY.WalravenE.2023. “Building Digital Twins of Cities Using the Inter Model Broker Framework.” Future Generation Computer Systems148:501–13. doi:10.1016/j.future.2023.06.024.
79.
LuQ.ChenL.XieX.FangZ.-L.YeZ.PittM.2023. “Framing Blockchain-Integrated Digital Twins for Emergent Healthcare: A Proof of Concept.” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers176 (4): 228–43. doi:10.1680/jensu.22.00073.
80.
LuQ.ParlikadA. K.WoodallP.Don RanasingheG.XieX.LiangZ.KonstantinouE.HeatonJ.SchoolingJ.2020. “Developing a Digital Twin at Building and City Levels: Case Study of West Cambridge Campus.” Journal of Management in Engineering36 (3): 05020004. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000763.
81.
LutherW.BaloianN.BiellaD.SacherD.2023. “Digital Twins and Enabling Technologies in Museums and Cultural Heritage: An Overview.” Sensors23 (3): 1583. doi:10.3390/s23031583.
82.
MajorP.LiG.HildreH. P.ZhangH.2021. “The Use of a Data-Driven Digital Twin of a Smart City: A Case Study of Ålesund, Norway.” IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine24 (7): 39–49. doi:10.1109/mim.2021.9549127.
83.
MetaI.Serra-BurrielF.Carrasco-JiménezJ. C.CucchiettiF. M.Diví-CuestaC.García CalatravaC.GarcíaD., et al. 2021. “The Camp Nou Stadium as a Testbed for City Physiology: A Modular Framework for Urban Digital Twins.” Complexity2021:1–15. doi:10.1155/2021/9731180.
84.
MichalikD.KohlP.KummertA.2022. “Smart Cities and Innovations: Addressing User Acceptance with Virtual Reality and Digital Twin City.” IET Smart Cities4:292–307. doi:10.1049/smc2.12042.
MohammadiN.TaylorJ. B.2020. “Knowledge Discovery in Smart City Digital Twins.” Proceedings of the Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. doi:10.24251/hicss.2020.204.
87.
MohammadiN.TaylorJ. E.2021. “Thinking Fast and Slow in Disaster Decision-Making with Smart City Digital Twins.” Nature Computational Science1 (12): 771–73. doi:10.1038/s43588-021-00174-0.
88.
MylonasG.KalogerasA.KalogerasG.AnagnostopoulosC.AlexakosC.MunozL.2021. “Digital Twins from Smart Manufacturing to Smart Cities: A Survey.” IEEE Access99:1. doi:10.1109/access.2021.3120843.
89.
NajafiP.MohammadiM.van WesemaelPieterBlancL.2023. “A User-Centred Virtual City Information Model for Inclusive Community Design: State-of-Art.” Cities134:104203. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2023.104203.
90.
NochtaT.WanL.SchoolingJ. M.ParlikadA. K.2021. “A Socio-Technical Perspective on Urban Analytics: The Case of City-Scale Digital Twins.” Journal of Urban Technology28 (1–2): 263–87. doi:10.1080/10630732.2020.1798177.
91.
PangJ.HuangY.XieZ.LiJ.CaiZ.2021. “Collaborative City Digital Twin for the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Federated Learning Solution.” Tsinghua Science and Technology26 (5): 759–71. doi:10.26599/tst.2021.9010026.
92.
PengZ.-R.LuK.LiuY.ZhaiW.2023. “The Pathway of Urban Planning AI: From Planning Support to Plan-Making.” Journal of Planning Education and Research. doi:10.1177/0739456x231180568.
93.
PervezZ.KhanZ.GhafoorA.SoomroK.2023. “SIGNED: Smart cIty diGital twiN vErifiable Data Framework.” IEEE Access11:29430–46. doi:10.1109/access.2023.3260621.
94.
RaesL.MichielsP.AdolphiT.TampèreChris M. J.DalianisThanasisMcAleerSusie RustonKogutP.2022. “DUET: A Framework for Building Interoperable and Trusted Digital Twins of Smart Cities.” IEEE Internet Computing26 (3): 43–50. doi:10.1109/mic.2021.3060962.
95.
RamosH. M.KuriqiA.Coronado-HernándezO. E.López-JiménezP. A.Pérez-SánchezM.2023. “Are Digital Twins Improving Urban-Water Systems Efficiency and Sustainable Development Goals?” Urban Water Journal 1–13. doi:10.1080/1573062X.2023.2180396.
96.
RamuS. P.BoopalanParimalaPhamQuoc-VietMaddikuntaPraveen Kumar ReddyHuynh-TheThienAlazabMamounNguyenThanh ThiGadekalluThippa Reddy. 2022. “Federated Learning Enabled Digital Twins for Smart Cities: Concepts, Recent Advances, and Future Directions.” Sustainable Cities and Society79:103663. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.103663.
97.
SaeedZ.ManciniF.GlusacT.IzadpanahiP.2022. “Future City, Digital Twinning and the Urban Realm: A Systematic Literature Review.” Buildings12 (5): 685. doi:10.3390/buildings12050685.
98.
SchrotterG.HürzelerC.2020. “The Digital Twin of the City of Zurich for Urban Planning.” PFG—Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science88 (1): 99–112. doi:10.1007/s41064-020-00092-2.
99.
SepasgozarS. M. E.2021. “Differentiating Digital Twin from Digital Shadow: Elucidating a Paradigm Shift to Expedite a Smart, Sustainable Built Environment.” Buildings11 (4): 151. doi:10.3390/buildings11040151.
100.
ShahatE.HyunC. T.YeomC.2021. “City Digital Twin Potentials: A Review and Research Agenda.” Sustainability13 (6): 3386. doi:10.3390/su13063386.
101.
SoeR.-M.RuohomäkiT.PatzigH.2022. “Urban Open Platform for Borderless Smart Cities.” Applied Sciences12 (2): 700. doi:10.3390/app12020700.
102.
SunC.PuigV.CembranoG.2020. “Real-Time Control of Urban Water Cycle under Cyber-Physical Systems Framework.” Water12 (2): 406. doi:10.3390/w12020406.
103.
SupangkatS. H.RagajayaR.SetyadjiA. B.2023. “Implementation of Digital Geotwin-Based Mobile Crowdsensing to Support Monitoring System in Smart City.” Sustainability15 (5): 3942. doi:10.3390/su15053942.
104.
TaylorJ. E.BennettG.MohammadiN.2021. “Engineering Smarter Cities with Smart City Digital Twins.” Journal of Management in Engineering37 (6): 02021001. doi:10.1061/(asce)me.1943-5479.0000974.
105.
TomkoM.WinterS.2018. “Beyond Digital Twins—A Commentary.” Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science46 (2): 395–99. doi:10.1177/2399808318816992.
106.
ToppingD.BannanT. J.CoeH.EvansJ.JayC.MurabitoE.RobinsonN.2021. “Digital Twins of Urban Air Quality: Opportunities and Challenges.” Frontiers in Sustainable Cities3:786563. doi:10.3389/frsc.2021.786563.
107.
TruuM.AnnusI.RoosimägiJ.KändlerN.VassiljevA.KaurK.2021. “Integrated Decision Support System for Pluvial Flood-Resilient Spatial Planning in Urban Areas.” Water13 (23): 3340. doi:10.3390/w13233340.
108.
TzachorA.SabriS.RichardsC. E.RajabifardA.AcutoM.2022. “Potential and Limitations of Digital Twins to Achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.” Nature Sustainability5:822–29. doi:10.1038/s41893-022-00923-7.
109.
Van de VyvereB.ColpaertP.2022. “Using ANPR Data to Create an Anonymized Linked Open Dataset on Urban Bustle.” European Transport Research Review14 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s12544-022-00538-1.
110.
ViscontiE.TsigkanosC.HuZ.GhezziC.2021. “Model-Driven Engineering City Spaces via Bidirectional Model Transformations.” Software and Systems Modeling20:2003–22. doi:10.1007/s10270-020-00851-0.
111.
WanL.NochtaT.SchoolingJ. M.2019. “Developing a City—Level Digital Twin—Propositions and a Case Study.” International Conference on Smart Infrastructure and Construction 2019 (ICSIC). doi:10.1680/icsic.64669.187.
112.
WangB.2021. “The Seductive Smart City and the Benevolent Role of Transparency.” Interaction Design and Architecture(s)48:100–21. doi:10.55612/s-5002-048-005.
113.
WangH.ChenX.JiaF.ChengX.2023. “Digital Twin-Supported Smart City: Status, Challenges and Future Research Directions.” Expert Systems with Applications217:119531. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2023.119531.
114.
WangS.-M.VuL. H.2023. “The Integration of Digital Twin and Serious Game Framework for New Normal Virtual Urban Exploration and Social Interaction.” Journal of Urban Management12 (2): 168–81. doi:10.1016/j.jum.2023.03.001.
115.
WaqarA.OthmanI.AlmujibahH.KhanM. B.AlotaibiS.ElhassanA. A. M.2023. “Factors Influencing Adoption of Digital Twin Advanced Technologies for Smart City Development: Evidence from Malaysia.” Buildings13 (3): 775. doi:10.3390/buildings13030775.
116.
WeilC.BibriS. E.LongchampR.GolayF.AlahiA.2023. “Urban Digital Twin Challenges: A Systematic Review and Perspectives for Sustainable Smart Cities.” Sustainable Cities and Society99:104862. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2023.104862.
117.
WhiteG.ZinkA.CodecáL.ClarkeS.2021. “A digital twin smart city for citizen feedback.”Cities110: 103064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.103064.
118.
WolfK.DawsonR. J.MillsJ. P.BlytheP.MorleyJ.2022. “Towards a Digital Twin for Supporting Multi-Agency Incident Management in a Smart City.” Scientific Reports12 (1): 16221. doi:10.1038/s41598-022-20178-8.
119.
WrightL.DavidsonS.2020. “How to Tell the Difference between a Model and a Digital Twin.” Advanced Modeling and Simulation in Engineering Sciences7 (1): 13. doi:10.1186/s40323-020-00147-4.
120.
XiaH.LiuZ.MariaE.LiuX.LinC.2022. “Study on City Digital Twin Technologies for Sustainable Smart City Design: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Geographic Information System and Building Information Modeling Integration.” Sustainable Cities and Society84:104009. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2022.104009.
121.
XueF.LuW.ChenZ.WebsterC. J.2020. “From LiDAR Point Cloud towards Digital Twin City: Clustering City Objects Based on Gestalt Principles.” ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing167:418–31. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2020.07.020.
122.
YanJ.LuQ.FangZ.LiN.ChenL.PittM.2022. “From Building to City Level Dynamic Digital Twin: A Review from Data Management Perspective.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science1101 (9): 092033. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1101/9/092033.
123.
YangS.KimH.2021. “Urban Digital Twin Applications as a Virtual Platform of Smart City.” International Journal of Sustainable Building Technology and Urban Development12 (4): 363–79. doi:10.22712/susb.20210030.
124.
YangZ.FuP.LinK.WangJ.LinC.-C.LiuZ.WangL.2023. “The Dawn of LMMs: Preliminary Explorations with GPT-4V(ision).” arXiv. Cornell University. doi:10.48550/arxiv.2309.17421.
125.
Yavo-AyalonS.JoshiS.(Adam) ZhangY.(Albert) HanR.MahyarN.JuW.2023. “Building Community Resiliency through Immersive Communal Extended Reality (CXR).” Multimodal Technologies and Interaction7 (5): 43. doi:10.3390/mti7050043.
126.
YeX.DuJ.HanY.NewmanG.RetchlessD.ZouL.HamY.CaiZ.2022. “Developing Human-Centered Urban Digital Twins for Community Infrastructure Resilience: A Research Agenda.” Journal of Planning Literature38 (2): 187–99. doi:10.1177/08854122221137861.
127.
YeX.NewmanG.LeeC.Van ZandtShannonYeX.2023. “Toward Urban Artificial Intelligence for Developing Justice-Oriented Smart Cities.” Journal of Planning Education and Research43 (1): 6–7. doi:10.1177/0739456x231154002.
128.
Yossef RavidB.Aharon-GutmanM.2023. “The Social Digital Twin: The Social Turn in the Field of Smart Cities.” Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science50:1455–70. doi:10.1177/23998083221137079.
129.
ZhaoC.DaiX.LvY.NiuJ.LinY.2023. “Decentralized Autonomous Operations and Organizations in TransVerse: Federated Intelligence for Smart Mobility.” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems53 (4): 2062–72. doi:10.1109/TSMC.2022.3228914.
130.
ZhengX.LuJ.KiritsisD.2022. “The Emergence of Cognitive Digital Twin: Vision, Challenges and Opportunities.” International Journal of Production Research60:7610–32. doi:10.1080/00207543.2021.2014591.
131.
ZhouY.LiangH.ZhangX.WangS.XuY.LiC.ZhangJ.2023. “Using the Dual Concept of Evolutionary Game and Reinforcement Learning in Support of Decision-Making Process of Community Regeneration—Case Study in Shanghai.” Buildings13 (1): 175–75. doi:10.3390/buildings13010175.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
