Studies noticed that the United States new high-quality transit might trigger or accelerate neighborhood upgrading (transit-induced upgrading [TIU]), especially gentrification in less-affluent neighborhoods (transit-induced gentrification [TIG]), but current evidence was not conclusive. With a quasi-experimental design, this study confirms that TIG is likely but not inevitable and that TIU in affluent neighborhoods is less likely. Results also show that rail is more likely to induce gentrification than Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and that TIG is more evident over long term than over short term for rail-served neighborhoods. These findings thus imply that the BRT could help sustain the transit service to the most vulnerable.
American Public Transportation Association. 2017. Public Transportation Fact Book. Washington, DC: American Public Transportation Association.
2.
American Public Transportation Association. 2020. Public Transportation Fact Book. Washington, DC: American Public Transportation Association.
3.
BakerDwayne MarshallLeeBumsoo. 2019. “How Does Light Rail Transit (LRT) Impact Gentrification? Evidence from Fourteen US Urbanized Areas.” Journal of Planning Education and Research39 (1): 35–49.
4.
BrownAnne E.2016. “Rubber Tires for Residents: Bus Rapid Transit and Changing Neighborhoods in Los Angeles, California.” Transportation Research Record2539 (1): 1–10.
5.
CerveroRobert. 2004. Transit-Oriented Development in the United States: Experiences, Challenges, and Prospects. Vol. 102. Washington, DC: Transportation Research Board.
6.
CerveroRobertDaiDanielle. 2014. “BRT TOD: Leveraging Transit-Oriented Development with Bus Rapid Transit Investments.” Transport Policy36:127–38.
7.
ChatmanDaniel G.XuRuoyingParkJaniceSpevackAnne. 2019. “Does Transit-Oriented Gentrification Increase Driving?.” Journal of Planning Education and Research39 (4): 482–95.
8.
ChavaJyothiRenneJohn L.2021. “Transit-Induced Gentrification or Vice Versa? A Study of Neighborhoods Around Light Rail Stations From 1970–2010.” Journal of the American Planning Association88:1–11.
9.
CookThomas D.CampbellDonald ThomasShadishWilliam. 2002. Experimental and Quasi-experimental Designs for Generalized Causal Inference. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
10.
DelmelleElizabeth C.NilssonIsabelleSchuchJohanna Claire. 2021. “Who’s Moving in? A Longitudinal Analysis of Home Purchase Loan Borrowers in New Transit Neighborhoods.” Geographical Analysis53 (2): 237–58.
11.
DingLeiHwangJackelynDivringiEileen2016. “Gentrification, Residential Mobility in Philadelphia.” Regional Science, and Urban Economics61:38–51.
12.
DongHongwei. 2017. “Rail-Transit-Induced Gentrification and the Affordability Paradox of TOD.” Journal of Transport Geography63:1–10.
13.
DorseyBryanMulderAlice. 2013. “Planning, Place-Making and Building Consensus for Transit-Oriented Development: Ogden, Utah Case Study.” Journal of Transport Geography32:65–76.
14.
DunningThad. 2012. Natural Experiments in the Social Sciences: A Design-based Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15.
FanYinglingGuthrieAndrew. 2012. “Winners or Losers: Resident Perceptions of Transit-Induced Neighborhood Change.” Transportation Research Record2276 (1): 89–100.
16.
FinioNicholas. 2021. “Measurement and Definition of Gentrifi-cation in Urban Studies and Planning.” Journal of Planning Literature37:249–64.
17.
FreemanLance. 2005. “Displacement or Succession? Residential Mobility in Gentrifying Neighborhoods.” Urban Affairs Review40 (4): 463–91.
GeyerH. S.Jr.2019. “Evaluating Ecological, Subcultural and Political Approaches to Neighbourhood Change and Neighbourhood poverty.” Housing, Theory and Society36 (2): 189–205.
20.
GlascockJane. 1997. “Research on Customer Requirements for Transit Service Design and Delivery.” Transportation Research Record1604 (1): 121–27.
21.
GrengsJoe. 2005. “The Abandoned Social Goals of Public Transit in the Neoliberal City of the USA.” City9 (1): 51–66.
22.
HoDaniel E.ImaiKosukeKingGaryStuartElizabeth A.2007. “Matching as Nonparametric Preprocessing for Reducing Model Dependence in Parametric Causal Inference.” Political Analysis15 (3): 199–236.
23.
HwangJackelynLinJeffrey. 2016. “What Have We Learned about the Causes of Recent Gentrification?”Cityscape18 (3): 9–26.
24.
JunHee-Jung. 2013. “Determinants of Neighborhood Change: A Multilevel Analysis.” Urban Affairs Review49 (3): 319–52.
25.
LandisJohn D.2016. “Tracking and Explaining Neighborhood Socioeconomic Change in US Metropolitan Areas between 1990 and 2010.” Housing Policy Debate26 (1): 2–52.
26.
LeeDalbyul. 2017. “Neighborhood Change Induced by Natural Hazards.” Journal of Planning Literature32 (3): 240–52.
MohammadSara I.GrahamDaniel J.MeloPatricia C.AndersonRichard J.2013. “A Meta-analysis of the Impact of Rail Projects on Land and Property Values.” Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice50:158–70.
29.
MooreKesha S.2009. “Gentrification in Black Face? The Return of the Black Middle Class to Urban Neighborhoods.” Urban Geography30 (2): 118–42.
30.
NilssonIsabelleDelmelleElizabeth C.2018. “Transit Investments and Neighborhood Change: On the Likelihood of Change.” Journal of Transport Geography66:167–79.
31.
NilssonIsabelleDelmelleElizabeth C.2020. “Impact of New Rail Transit Stations on Neighborhood Destination Choices and Income Segregation.” Cities102:102737.
32.
OwensAnn. 2012. “Neighborhoods on the Rise: A Typology of Neighborhoods Experiencing Socioeconomic Ascent.” City & Community11 (4): 345–69.
33.
PadeiroMiguelLouroAnada CostaNuno Marques. 2019. “Transit-Oriented Development and Gentrification: A Systematic Review.” Transport Reviews39 (6): 733–54.
34.
PapachristosAndrew V.SmithChris M.SchererMary L.FugieroMelissa A.2011. “More Coffee, Less Crime? The Relationship between Gentrification and Neighborhood Crime Rates in Chicago, 1991 to 2005.” City & Community10 (3): 215–40.
35.
ParkRobert E.BurgessErnest W.McKenzieRoderick D.1925. The City Chicago. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
36.
PitkinBill. 2001. “Theories of Neighborhood Change: Implications for Community Development Policy and Practice.” UCLA Advanced Policy Institute28:1–28.
RassenJeremy A.ShelatAbhi A.MyersJessicaGlynnRobert J.RothmanKenneth J.SchneeweissSebastian. 2012. “One-to-Many Propensity Score Matching in Cohort Studies.” Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety21:69–80.
39.
RevingtonNick. 2015. “Gentrification, Transit, and Land Use: Moving beyond Neoclassical Theory.” Geography Compass9 (3): 152–63.
40.
SmithNeil. 1979. “Toward a Theory of Gentrification a Back to the City Movement by Capital, Not People.” Journal of the American Planning Association45 (4): 538–48.
41.
StokenbergaAiga. 2014. “Does Bus Rapid Transit Influence Urban Land Development and Property Values: A Review of the Literature.” Transport Reviews34 (3): 276–96.
42.
StuartElizabeth A.KingGaryImaiKosukeHoDaniel. 2011. “MatchIt: Nonparametric Preprocessing for Parametric Causal Inference.” Journal of Statistical Software42:1–28.
43.
TehraniShadi O.WuShuling J.RobertsJennifer D.2019. “The Color of Health: Residential Segregation, Light Rail Transit Developments, and Gentrification in the United States.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health16 (19): 3683.
44.
TemkinKennethRoheWilliam. 1996. “Neighborhood Change and Urban Policy.” Journal of Planning Education and Research15 (3): 159–70.
45.
VaradyDavid P.1986. “Neighborhood Upgrading.” Journal of Planning Literature1 (3): 271–93.
46.
WilliamsSonyaGalsterGeorgeVermaNandita. 2013. “The Disparate Neighborhood Impacts of the Great Recession: Evidence from Chicago.” Urban Geography34 (6): 737–63.
47.
ZukMiriamBierbaumAriel H.ChappleKarenGorskaKarolinaLoukaitou-SiderisAnastasia. 2018. “Gentrification, Displacement, and the Role of Public Investment.” Journal of Planning Literature33 (1): 31–44.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
