State retrenchment, public input requirements, and local budgetary constraints make advocacy organization’s (AO) work vital to the adoption and implementation of local plans. Yet, the strategies AOs use to influence policies have gone understudied in planning literature. The current study fills this gap through a case study of how AOs exert influence in planning for affordable housing in four cities in Los Angeles County. Data were collected through interviews (AO leaders and city officials), document review (AO materials), and content analysis of Housing Elements. The study found that the range of tactics depends on the political context and organizational resources.
AmentaEdwinGardnerBeth G.TierneyAmber C.YerenaAnaidElliottThomas A.2012. “A Story-Centered Approach to the Newspaper Coverage of High-Profile SMOs.” Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change33:83–107.
2.
AndrewsKenneth T.EdwardsBob. 2004. “Advocacy Organizations in the U.S. Political Process.” Annual Review of Sociology30 (1): 479–506.
3.
BaerWilliam C.1988. “California’s Housing Element: A Backdoor Approach to Metropolitan Governance and Regional Planning.” Town Planning Review59 (3): 263–76.
4.
BaraksoMaryann. 2004. Governing NOW: Grassroots Activism in the National Organization for Women. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
5.
BasoloVictoria. 1997. “Housing Policy in the Local Political Economy: Understanding the Support for Affordable Housing Programs in Cities.” University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
6.
BasoloVictoriaLoweryDavid. 2010. “Delineating the Regional Market in Studies of Intercity Competition.” Urban Geography31 (3): 369–84.
7.
Baylor University. 2010. The Baylor Religion Survey, Wave III. Waco: Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion [producer].
8.
BeauregardRobert A.2015. Planning Matter: Acting with Things. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
9.
BelskyEric S.HerbertChristopher E.MolinskyJennifer H.2014. Homeownership Built to Last: Balancing Access, Affordability, and Risk after the Housing Crisis. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press with the Joint Center for Housing Studies of Harvard University.
10.
BetzoldCarola. 2013. “Business Insiders and Environmental Outsiders? Advocacy Strategies in International Climate Change Negotiations.” Interest Groups and Advocacy2 (3): 302–22.
11.
BeyersJan. 2004. “Voice and Access: Political Practices of European Interest Associations.” European Union Politics5 (2): 211–40.
12.
BinderkrantzAnne S.2005. “Interest Group Strategies: Navigating between Privileged Access and Strategies of Pressure.” Political Studies53 (4): 694–715.
13.
BinderkrantzAnne S.2008. “Different Groups, Different Strategies: How Interest Groups Pursue Their Political Ambitions.” Scandinavian Political Science31 (2): 173–200.
14.
BrattRachel G.2012. “The Quadruple Bottom Line and Nonprofit Housing Organizations in the United States.” Housing Studies27:438–456.
15.
BursteinPaulLintonApril. 2002. “The Impact of Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Social Movement Organizations on Public Policy: Some Recent Evidence and Theoretical Concerns.” Social Forces81:381–408.
16.
CarrollJohn S.JohnsonEric J.1990. Decision Research: A Field Guide. Newbury Park: SAGE.
CraigMaureen A.RuckerJulian M.RichesonJennifer A.2018. “The Pitfalls and Promise of Increasing Racial Diversity: Threat, Contact, and Race Relations in the 21st Century.” Current Directions in Psychological Science27 (3): 188–93.
20.
Díaz McConnellEileen. 2017. “Rented, Crowded, and Unaffordable? Social Vulnerabilities and the Accumulation of Precarious Housing Conditions in Los Angeles.” Housing Policy Debate27 (1): 60–79.
21.
DuncanH. Daniels. 2004. “Advocacy and Nonprofit Organizations.” In Philanthropy in America: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia, edited by BurlingameDwight F., 9–11. Santa Barbara: ABC CLIO.
22.
EdwardsBobMcCarthyJohn D.2009. “Resources and Social Movement Mobilization.” In Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by SnowDavid A.SouleSarah A.KriesiHanspeter, 116–52. Malden: Blackwell.
23.
EisingerPeter K.1973. “The Conditions of Protest Behavior in American Cities.” American Political Science Review67:11–28.
24.
GamsonWilliam A.MeyerDavid S.1996. “Framing Political Opportunity.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, edited by McAdamDougMcCarthyJohn D.ZaldMayer N., 275–90. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
25.
GardeAjay. 2016. “Affordable by Design? Inclusionary Housing Insights from Southern California.” Journal of Planning Education and Research36 (1): 16–31.
26.
GlaserBarney G.1965. “The Constant Comparative Method of Qualitative Analysis.” Social Problems12:436–45.
27.
GoetzEdward G.1995. Shelter Burden: Local Politics and Progressive Housing Policy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
28.
HirschArnold R.2000. “Containment on the Home Front: Race and Federal Housing Policy from the New Deal to the Cold War.” Journal of Urban History26 (2): 158–89.
JenkinsJ. Craig. 1983. “Resource Mobilization Theory and the Study of Social Movements.” Annual Review of Sociology9:527–53.
31.
JenkinsJ. CraigPerrowCharles B.1977. “Insurgency of the Powerless: Farm Worker Movements (1946-1972).” American Sociological Review42:249–68.
32.
JeppersonRonald L.1991. The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis. Edited by PowellWalter W.DiMaggioPaul. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
33.
Joint Center for Housing Studies. 2014. “State of the Nation’s Housing Report. Rental Housing.” Harvard University, Cambridge.
LucioJoannade la CruzEdgar Ramirez. 2012. “Affordable Housing Networks: A Case Study in the Phoenix Metropolitan Region.” Housing Policy Debate22:37–41.
37.
MacIndoeHeatherWhalenRyan. 2013. “Specialists, Generalists, and Policy Advocacy.” Journal of Sociology and Social Welfare40:119–49.
38.
McAdamDoug. 1996. “Introduction: Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing Processes—Toward a Synthetic, Comparative Perspective on Social Movements.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, edited by McAdamDougMcCarthyJohn D.ZaldMayer N., 1–22. New York: Cambridge University Press.
39.
McCarthyJohn D.ZaldMayer N.2002. “The Enduring Vitality of the Resource Mobilization Theory of Social Movements.” In Handbook of Sociological Theory, edited by TurnerJonathan H., 533–65. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.
40.
McCarthyJohn D.ZaldMayer N.1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements.” American Journal of Sociology82:1212–41.
41.
MeyerDavid S.1993. “Protest Cycles and Political Process: American Peace Movements in the Nuclear Age.” Political Research Quarterly46:451–79.
42.
MeyerDavid S.2004. “Protest and Political Opportunities.” Annual Review of Sociology30:125–45.
43.
MeyerDavid S.2009. The Politics of Protest: Social Movements in America. New York: Oxford University Press.
44.
MeyerDavid S.MinkoffDebra C.2004. “Conceptualizing Political Opportunity.” Social Forces82 (June): 1457–92.
45.
MeyerDavid S.TarrowSidney G.1998. The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
46.
NguyenMai ThiBasoloVictoriaTiwariAbhishek. 2012. “Opposition to Affordable Housing in the USA: Debate Framing and the Responses of Local Actors.” Housing, Theory and Society30:107–30.
PrakashAseemGugertyMary K.2010. “Trust but Verify? Voluntary Regulation Programs in the Nonprofit Sector.” Regulation & Governance4 (1): 22–47.
49.
RossJustinYanWenliJohnsonCraig L.2015. “The Public Financing of America’s Largest Cities: A Study of City Financial Records in the Wake of the Great Recession.” Journal of Regional Science55:1113–38.
50.
SchellerDaniel S.YerenaAnaid. 2018. “Neighborhood Concerns and Mobilization Patterns of Homeowners and Neighborhood Associations.” Journal of Public Management and Social Policy24 (2): 5.
51.
SchwartzAlex F.2015. Housing Policy in the United States. New York: Routledge.
52.
SharpElaine B.2005. “Cities and Subcultures: Exploring Validity and Predicting Connections.” Urban Affairs Review41 (2): 132–56.
53.
SilvermanRobert M.2008. “The Influence of Nonprofit Networks on Local Affordable Housing Funding: Findings from a National Survey of Local Public Administrators.” Urban Affairs Review44 (1): 126–41.
54.
SnowDavid A.SouleSarah A.KriesiHanspeter. 2009a. “Get Up, Stand Up: Tactical Repertoires of Social Movements.” In Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by SnowDavid A.SouleSarah A.KriesiHanspeter, 262–93. Malden: Blackwell.
55.
SnowDavid A.SouleSarah A.KriesiHanspeter. 2009b. “Introduction: Mapping the Terrain.” In Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by SnowDavid A.SouleSarah A.KriesiHanspeter, 3–16. Malden: Blackwell.
