Limited research has explored the reasons behind the level of environmental concerns in master plans in China, where serious environmental degradation has caught the world’s attention and the planning regime is significantly different from those based on representative democracy. Analyzing eighty master plans of China’s large municipalities, we find that the education and age of local leaders have a significant effect on environmental concerns in master plans, while their work experience and state mandate do not. We conclude that that well-educated local leaders and a more collaborative planning approach could deal more efficiently with environmental problems in China.
AbramsonDaniel Benjamin. 2006. “Urban Planning in China: Continuity and Change: What the Future HoldsMaySurprise You.” Journal of the American Planning Association72 (2): 197–215.
2.
BakerDouglas C.SipeNeil G.GleesonBrendan J.2006. “Performance-Based Planning: Perspectives from the United States, Australia, and New Zealand.” Journal of Planning Education and Research25 (4): 396–409.
3.
BerkePhilip R.1996. “Enhancing Plan Quality: Evaluating the Role of State Planning Mandates for Natural Hazard Mitigation.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management39 (1): 79–96.
4.
BerkePhilip R.FrenchSteven P.1994. “The Influence of State Planning Mandates on Local Plan Quality.” Journal of Planning Education and Research13 (4): 237–50.
5.
BerkePhilipGodschalkDavid. 2009. “Searching for the Good Plan: A Meta-analysis of Plan Quality Studies.” Journal of Planning Literature23 (3): 227–40.
6.
BerkePhilipSongYanStevensM.2009. “Integrating Hazard Mitigation into New Urban and Conventional Developments.” Journal of Planning Education and Research28 (4): 441–55.
7.
BerkePhilipSpurlockDanielleHessGeorgeBandLarry. 2013. “Local Comprehensive Plan Quality and Regional Ecosystem Protection: The Case of the Jordan Lake Watershed, North Carolina, U.S.A.” Land Use Policy31:450–59.
8.
BetsillMichele M.2001. “Mitigating Climate Change in US Cities: Opportunities and Obstacles.” Local Environment6 (4): 393–406.
9.
BoZhiyue. 1996. “Economic Performance and Political Mobility: Chinese Provincial Leaders.” Journal of Contemporary China5 (12): 135–54.
10.
BrodySamuel D.2003. “Measuring the Effects of Stakeholder Participation on the Quality of Local Plans Based on the Principles of Collaborative Ecosystem Management.” Journal of Planning Education and Research22 (4): 407–19.
11.
BrodySamuel D.CarrascoVirginiaHighfieldWesley E.2006. “Measuring the Adoption of Local Sprawl: Reduction Planning Policies in Florida.” Journal of Planning Education and Research25 (3): 294–310.
12.
BrodySamuel D.GodschalkDavid R.BurbyRaymond J.2003. “Mandating Citizen Participation in Plan Making Six Strategic Choices.” Journal of American Planning Association69 (3): 245–64.
13.
BrodySamuel D.HighfieldWesCarrascoVirginia. 2004. “Measuring the Collective Planning Capabilities of Local Jurisdictions to Manage Ecological Systems in Southern Florida.” Landscape and Urban Planning69 (1): 33–50.
14.
BurbyRaymond J.DaltonLinda C.1994. “Plans Can Matter! The Role of Landing Use Plans and Sate Planning Mandates in Limiting the Development of Hazardous Areas Development.” Public Administration Review54 (3): 229–38.
15.
BurbyRaymond J.MayPeter J.1998. “Intergovernmental Environmental Planning: Addressing the Commitment Conundrum.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management41 (1): 95–110.
16.
DunlapRiley E.JonesRobert E.2002. “Environmental Concern: Conceptual and Measurement Issues.” In Handbook of Environmental Sociology, edited by DunlapRileyMichelsonWilliam, 482–524. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
17.
EatonSarahKostkaGenia. 2014. “Authoritarian Environmentalism Undermined? Local Leaders’ Time Horizons and Environmental Policy Implementation in China.” The China Quarterly218:359–80.
18.
EconomyElizabeth C.2004. The River Runs Black: The Environmental Challenge to China’s Future. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
19.
EdinMaria. 2003. “State Capacity and Local Agent Control in China: CCP Cadre Management from a Township Perspective.” China Quarterly173:35–52.
20.
GilleyBruce. 2012. “Authoritarian Environmentalism and China’s Response to Climate Change.” Environmental Politics21 (2): 287–307.
21.
GodschalkDavid R.BeatleyTimothyBerkePhilip R.BrowerDavidKaiserEdward. 1999. Natural Hazard Mitigation: Recasting Disaster Policy and Planning. Washington DC: Island Press.
22.
GrimmerJustinStewartBrandon M.2013. “Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts.” Political Analysis21 (3): 267–97.
23.
HamiltonLawrence C.2013. Statistics with STATA Updated for Version 12. Boston, MA: Brooks/Cole.
HowellSusan. E.LaskaShirley. B.1992. “The Changing Face of the Environmental Coalition: A Research Note.” Environment and Behavior24 (1): 134–44.
26.
HuangXibingZhaoDingtaoBrownColin G.WuYanruiWaldronScott A.2010. “Environmental Issues and Policy Priorities in China: A Content Analysis of Government Documents.” China: An International Journal8 (2): 220–46.
27.
KaiserEdwardGodschalkDavid R.1995. “Twentieth Century Land Use Planning: A Stalwart Family Tree.” Journal of the American Planning Association61 (3): 365–85.
28.
KlüverHeike. 2009. “Measuring Interest Group Influence Using Quantitative Text Analysis.” European Union Politics10 (4): 535–49.
29.
KlüverHeike. 2013. “Lobbying as a Collective Enterprise: Winners and Losers of Policy Formulation in the European Union.” Journal of European Public Policy20 (1): 59–76.
30.
LaverMichaelBenoitKennethGarryJohn. 2003. “Extracting Policy Positions from Political Texts Using Words as Data.” American Political Science Review97 (2): 311–31.
31.
LeafMichel. 2005. “Modernity Confronts Tradition: The Professional Planner and Local Corporatism in the Building of China’s Cities.” In Comparative Planning Cultures, edited by Bishwapriya Sanyal, 91–111. New York: Taylor & Francis.
LiHongbinZhouLi An. 2005. “Political Turnover and Economic Performance: The Incentive Role of Personnel Control in China.” Journal of Public Economics89 (9/10): 1743–62.
34.
ListJohn A.SturmDaniel M.2006. “How Elections Matter: Theory and Evidence from Environmental Policy.” Quarterly Journal of Economics121 (4): 1249–81.
35.
LoCarlos Wing-HungTangShui-Yan. 2006. “Institutional Reform, Economic Changes, and Local Environmental Management in China: The Case of Guangdong Province.” Environmental Politics15 (2): 190–210.
36.
LohCarolyn G.NortonRichard K. 2013. “Planning Consultants’ Influence on Local Comprehensive Plans.” Journal of Planning Education and Research79 (2): 138–48.
37.
LorentzenPeterLandryPierreYasudaJohn. 2010. “Transparent Authoritarianism? An Analysis of Political and Economic; Barriers to Greater Government Transparency in China.” UC Berkeley Working Paper. http://cega.berkeley.edu/assets/cega_events/25/
38.
LylesWardStevensMark. 2014. “Plan Quality Evaluation 1994-2012: Growth and Contributions, Limitations, and New Directions.” Journal of Planning Education and Research34 (4): 433–50.
39.
NortonRichard K.2005. “Local Commitment to State-Mandated Planning in Coastal North Carolina.” Journal of the American Planning Association25 (2): 149–71.
40.
NortonRichard K.2008. “Using Content Analysis to Evaluate Local Master Plans and Zoning Codes.” Land Use Policy25 (3): 432–54.
41.
QuinnKevin M.MonroeBurt L.ColaresiMichaelCrespinMichael H.RadevDragomir R.2010. “How to Analyze Political Attention with Minimal Assumptions and Costs.” American Journal of Political Science54 (1): 209–28.
42.
Rabe-HeskethSophiaEverittBrian. 2004. A Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using Stata Third Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
43.
RanRan. 2013. “Perverse Incentive Structure and Policy Implementation Gap in China’s Local Environmental Politics.” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning15 (1): 17–39.
44.
ScottDavidWillitsFern. 1994. “Environmental Attitudes and Behavior.” Environmental Behavior26 (2): 239–61.
45.
SeldenThomas M.SongDaqing. 1995. “Neoclassical Growth, the J Curve for Abatement and the Inverted U Curve for Pollution.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management29 (2): 162–68.
46.
ShenJunyi. 2006. “A Simultaneous Estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from China.” China Economic Review17 (4): 383–94.
47.
SlapinJonathan B.ProkschSven-Oliver. 2008. “A Scaling Model for Estimating Time-Series Party Positions from Texts.” American Journal of Political Science52 (3): 705–22.
48.
StevensMark R.2013. “Evaluating the Quality of Official Community Plans in Southern British Columbia.” Journal of Planning Education and Research33 (4): 471–90.
49.
TangZhenghongBrodySamuel D.2009. “Linking Planning Theories with Factors Influencing Local Environmental-Plan Quality.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design36 (3): 522–37.
50.
TangZhenghongBrodySamuel D.LiRuopuQuinnCourtneyZhaoNan. 2011. “Examining Locally Driven Climate Change Policy Efforts in Three Pacific States.” Ocean and Coastal Management54 (5):415–26.
51.
TangZhenghongBrodySamuel D.QuinnCourtneyChangLiangWeiTing. 2010. “Moving from Agenda to Action: Evaluating Local Climate Change Action Plans.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management53 (1): 41–62.
52.
TaoRanSuFubingLiuMingxingCaoGuangzhong. 2010. “Land Leasing and Local Public Finance in China’s Regional Development: Evidence from Prefecture-Level Cities.” Urban Studies47 (10): 2217–36.
53.
TianLiShenTiyan. 2011. “Evaluation of Plan Implementation in the Transitional China: A Case of Guangzhou City Master Plan.” Cities28 (1): 11–27.
54.
TsuiKai-yuenWangYouqiang. 2004. “Between Separate Stoves and a Single Menu: Fiscal Decentralization in China.” China Quarterly177:71–90.
55.
UrwinKateJordanAndrew. 2008. “Does Public Policy Support or Undermine Climate Change Adaptation? Exploring Policy Interplay across Different Scales of Governance.” Global Environmental Change18 (1): 180–91.
56.
WuFengshi. 2009. “Environmental Politics in China: An Issue Area in Review.” Journal of Chinese Political Science14 (4): 383–406.
YuWeiPaganiRobertoHuangLei. 2012. “CO2 Emission Inventories for Chinese Cities in Highly Urbanized Areas Compared with European Cities.” Energy Policy47:298–308.
59.
ZhangTingwei. 2002. “Planners in Transitional China.” Journal of Planning Education and Research22 (1): 64–76.
60.
ZhengSiqiKahnMatthew E.SunWeizengLuoDanglun. 2014. “Incentives for China’s Urban Mayors to Mitigate Pollution Externalities: The Role of the Central Government and Public Environmentalism.” Regional Science and Urban Economics47:61–71.
