New Urbanism (NU) is an urban planning movement that aims to curtail suburban sprawl. Critics argue that NU actually contributes to sprawl. However, such claims overlook the diverse ways in which NU is implemented. This article contributes to the study of suburban development by examining two different types of NU projects in suburban Minneapolis–St. Paul and comparing these with a control case. Using surveys of the projects’ built environments and residents’ travel behavior and attitudes toward neighbors, the article finds that the NU projects break away from the physical and functional dimensions of sprawl, yet reproduce the social dimensions.
AdamsJ.1993. Minneapolis-St. Paul: People, Place, and Public Life. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
2.
Al-HindiK.2001. “The New Urbanism: Where and for Whom? Investigation of an Emergent Paradigm.” Urban Geography22 (3): 202–19.
3.
Al-HindiK.StaddonC.1997. “The Hidden Histories and Geographies of Neotraditional Town Planning: The Case of Seaside, Florida.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space15:349–72.
4.
Al-HindiK.TillK.2001. “(Re)placing the New Urbanism Debates: Toward an Interdisciplinary Research Agenda.” Urban Geography22 (3): 189–201.
BressiT.2002. The Seaside Debates: A Critique of the New Urbanism. New York: Rizzoli International.
7.
BrainD.2005. “From Good Neighborhoods to Sustainable Cities: Social Science and the Social Agenda of the New Urbanism.” International Regional Science Review28 (2): 217–38.
8.
BramleyG.PowerS.2009. “Urban Form and Social Sustainability: The Role of Density and Housing Type.” Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design36:30–48.
9.
BrownB.CropperV.2001. “New Urban and Standard Suburban Subdivisions: Evaluating Psychological and Social Goals.” Journal of the American Planning Association67 (4): 402–19.
10.
BurtonE.2000. “The Compact City: Just or Just Compact? A Preliminary Analysis.” Urban Studies37 (11): 1969–2000.
11.
CabreraJ.2013. “New Urbanism and Selection Bias in the Formation of Social Capital.” Housing Policy Debate23 (2): 376–94.
12.
CabreraJ.NajarianJ.2013. “Can New Urbanism Create Diverse Communities?” Journal of Planning Education and Research33 (4): 427–41.
13.
ChaskinR.JosephM.2011. “Social Interaction in Mixed-Income Developments: Relational Expectations and Emerging Reality.” Journal of Urban Affairs33 (2): 209–37.
14.
ChaskinR.JosephM.2013. “‘Positive’ Gentrification, Social Control and the ‘Right to the City’ in Mixed-Income Communities: Uses and Expectations of Space and Place.” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research37 (2): 480–502.
15.
CohenL.1996. “From Town Center to Shopping Center: The Reconfiguration of Community Marketplaces in Postwar America.” American Historical Review101:1050–81.
DayK.2003. “New Urbanism and the Challenges of Designing for Diversity.” Journal of Planning Education and Research23 (1): 83–95.
18.
De JongJ. 2014. New SubUrbanisms. London: Routledge.
19.
DierwechterY.2014. “The Spaces That Smart Growth Makes: Sustainability, Segregation, and Residential Change across Greater Seattle.” Urban Geography35 (5): 691–714.
20.
DillJ.2006. “Evaluating a New Urbanist Neighborhood.” Berkeley Planning Journal19:59–78.
21.
DreierP.MollenkopfJ.SwanstromT.2004. Place Matters: Metropolitics for the 21st Century. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press.
22.
DuanyA.Plater-ZyberkE.SpeckJ.2000. Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream. New York: North Point Press.
23.
Du ToitL.CerinE.LeslieE.OwenN.2007. “Does Walking in the Neighborhood Enhance Local Sociability?” Urban Studies44 (9): 1677–95.
24.
EwingR.CerveroR.2010. “Travel and the Built Environment: A Meta-analysis.” Journal of the American Planning Association76 (3): 1–30.
25.
FalconerR.NewmanP.Giles-CortiB.2010. “Is Practice Aligned with Principles? Implementing New Urbanism in Perth, Western Australia.” Transport Policy17:287–94.
26.
ForsythA.2012. “Defining Suburbs.” Journal of Planning Literature27 (3): 270–81.
27.
ForsythA.OakesJ.SchmitzK.2007. “Does Residential Density Increase Walking and Other Physical Activity?” Urban Studies44 (4): 679–97.
28.
FowlerF.Jr.1993. Survey Research Method, 2nd ed.Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
29.
FraserJ.BurnsA.BazuinJ.OakleyD.2013. “HOPE VI, Colonization and the Production of Difference.” Urban Affairs Review49 (4): 525–56.
30.
GardeA.2006. “Designing and Developing New Urbanist Projects in the United States: Insights and Implications.” Journal of Urban Design11 (1): 33–54.
31.
GonzálezE.LejanoR.2009. “New Urbanism and the Barrio.” Environment and Planning A41 (12): 2946–63.
32.
GrantJ.2006. Planning the Good Community: New Urbanism in Planning and Practice. London: Routledge.
33.
GrantJ.2007. “Two Sides of a Coin? New Urbanism and Gated Communities.” Housing Policy Debate18 (3): 481–501.
34.
GreenwaldM.2003. “The Road Less Traveled: New Urbanist Inducements to Travel Mode Substitution for Nonwork Trips.” Journal of Planning Education and Research23 (1): 39–57.
35.
HandyS.2005. “Smart Growth and the Transportation-Land Use Connection: What Does the Research Tell Us?” International Regional Science Review28 (2): 146–67.
36.
HanlonJ.2010. “Success by Design: HOPE VI, New Urbanism, and the Neoliberal Transformation of Public Housing in the United States.” Environment and Planning A42 (1): 80–98.
37.
Harvard Design Magazine. 1997. “New Urbanism: Urban or Suburban? A Roundtable Discussion.” Harvard Design Magazine1 (Winter/Spring): 46–63.
38.
HaydenD.2003. Building Suburbia: Green Fields and Urban Growth, 1820-2000. New York: Vintage Books.
39.
IrazábalC.2012. “Beyond ‘Latino New Urbanism’: Advocating Ethnurbanisms.” Journal of Urbanism5 (2-3): 241–68.
40.
JacksonK.1985. Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
41.
JohnsonJ.TalenE.2008. “Affordable Housing in New Urbanist Communities: A Survey of Developers.” Housing Policy Debate19 (4): 583–613.
42.
JohnsonJ.JohnsonM.2008. “New City Domesticity and the Tenacious Second Shift.” Journal of Family Issues29 (4): 487–515.
43.
KhattakA.RodriguezD.2005. “Travel Behavior in Neo-traditional Neighborhood Developments: A Case Study in USA.” Transportation Research Part A39 (6): 481–500.
44.
KimJ.2007. “Perceiving and Valuing Sense of Community in a New Urbanist Development: A Case Study of Kentlands.” Journal of Urban Design12 (2): 203–30.
45.
KimJ.KaplanR.2004. “Physical and Psychological Factors in Sense of Community: New Urbanist Kentlands and Nearby Orchard Village.” Environment and Behavior36 (3): 313–40.
46.
KleitR.2005. “HOPE VI New Communities: Neighborhood Relationships in Mixed-Income Housing.” Environment and Planning A37 (8): 1413–41.
47.
KriegerA.2000. “An Urban Revival for a Suburban Culture.” In Cities in the 21st Century, edited by FishmanR., 42–51. Washington, DC: Urban Land Institute.
48.
LarsenK.2005. “New Urbanism’s role in Inner-City Neighborhood Revitalization.” Housing Studies20 (5): 795–813.
49.
LehrerU.MilgromR.1996. “New (Sub)urbanism: Countersprawl or Repacking the Product.” Capitalism, Nature, Socialism7 (2): 49–64.
50.
LundH.2003. “Testing the Claims of New Urbanism: Local Access, Pedestrian Travel, and Neighboring Behaviors.” Journal of the American Planning Association69 (4): 414–29.
51.
MacLeodG.2013. “New Urbanism/Smart Growth in the Scottish Highlands: Mobile Policies and Post-politics in Local Development Planning.” Urban Studies50 (11): 2196–2221.
52.
MarshallA.2001. How Cities Work: Suburbs, Sprawl, and the Roads Not Taken. Austin: The University of Texas Press.
53.
MarshallW.2015. “Understanding the Impacts of Integrating New Urbanist Neighborhood and Street Design Ideals with Conventional Traffic Engineering Standards: The Case of Stapleton.” Journal of Urbanism8 (2): 148–72.
54.
Metropolitan Council. 2002. Blueprint 2030. St. Paul, MN: Metropolitan Council.
55.
Metropolitan Council. 2003. Metropolitan Livable Communities Fund: Report to Minnesota Legislature. St. Paul, MN: Metropolitan Council.
MillerL.1995. “Family Togetherness and the Suburban Ideal.” Sociological Forum10 (3): 393–418.
61.
MooreS.2010. “‘More Toronto, Naturally’ but ‘Too Strange for Orangeville’: De-universalizing New Urbanism in greater Toronto.” Cities27 (2): 103–13.
62.
NealZ.NealJ.2014. “The (In)compatibility of Diversity and Sense of Community.” American Journal of Community Psychology53 (1-2): 1–12.
63.
NydenP.MalyM.LukehartJ.1997. “The Emergence of Stable Racially and Ethnically Diverse Communities: A Case Study of Nine U.S. Cities.” Housing Policy Debate8 (2): 491–534.
64.
PassellA.2012. Building the New Urbanism: Places, Professions, Profits in the American Metropolitan Landscape. New York: Routledge.
65.
PodobnikB.2002. “New Urbanism and the Generation of Social Capital: Evidence from Orenco Station.” National Civic Review91 (3): 245–55.
66.
PodobnikB.2011. “Assessing the Social and Environmental Achievements of New Urbanism: Evidence from Portland, Oregon.” Journal of Urbanism4 (2): 105–26.
67.
PutnamR.2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.
68.
PutnamR.2007. “E Plubribus Unum: Diversity and Community in the Twenty-First Century.” Scandinavian Political Studies30 (2): 137–74.
69.
RelphE.1976. Place and Placelessness. London: Pion.
70.
RodriguezD.KhattakA.EvensonK.2006. “Can New Urbanism Encourage Physical Activity? Comparing a New Urbanist Neighborhood with Conventional Suburbs.” Journal of the American Planning Association71 (1): 43–54.
71.
ScullyV.1994. “The Architecture of Community.” In The New Urbanism: Toward an Architecture of Community, edited by KatzP.221–30. New York: McGraw-Hill.
72.
SkaburskisA.2006. “New Urbanism and Sprawl: A Toronto Case Study.” Journal of Planning Education and Research25 (3): 233–48.
SteutevilleR., ed. 2008. Directory of the New Urbanism. Ithaca, NY: New Urban News.
75.
StevensM.BerkeP.SongY.2010. “Creating Disaster-Resilient Communities: Evaluating the Promise and Performance of New Urbanism.” Landscape and Urban Planning94 (2): 105–15.
76.
TalenE.2008. “New Urbanism, Social Equity, and the Challenge of Post-Katrina Rebuilding in Mississippi.” Journal of Planning Education and Research27 (3): 277–93.
77.
TalenE.2010. “Affordability in New Urbanist Development: Principle, Practice, and Strategy.” Journal of Urban Affairs32 (4): 489–510.
78.
TalenE., ed. 2013. Charter of the New Urbanism. New York: McGraw-Hill.
79.
TeafordJ.2008. The American Suburb: The Basics. New York: Routledge.
80.
TomaltyR.HaiderM.FisherS.2011. “Comparing New Urbanist and Conventional Suburban Neighbourhoods.” Plan Canada51 (1): 21–26.
81.
TrudeauD.2013a. “A Typology of New Urbanism Neighborhoods.” Journal of Urbanism6 (2): 113–38.
82.
TrudeauD.2013b. “New Urbanism as Sustainable Development?” Geography Compass7 (6): 435–448.
83.
TrudeauD.KaplanJ.2016. “Is There Diversity in the New Urbanism? Analyzing the Demographic Characteristics of New Urbanist Neighborhoods in the United States.” Urban Geography37 (3): 458–82.
84.
TrudeauD.MalloyP.2011. “Suburbs in Disguise? Towards a Geography of the New Urbanism.” Urban Geography32 (3): 424–47.
WellsC.2014. Car Country: An Environmental History. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
87.
WhyteW.1968. The Last Landscape. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
88.
WoodL.FrankL.Giles-CortiB.2010. “Sense of Community and Its Relationship with Walking and Neighborhood Design.” Social Science & Medicine70 (9): 1381–90.
89.
ZimmermanJ.2001. “The Nature of Urbanism and the New Urbanist Frontier: Sustainable Development, or Defense of the Suburban Dream.” Urban Geography22 (3): 249–67.
