The process of smoldering plays a key role in the combustion of tobacco products and textiles. Smoldering is strongly influenced by the concen tration and nature of ions present in the material.
Shafizadeh, F., A.G.W. Bradbury, W.F. DeGroot and T.W. Aanerud.1982. "Role of Inorganic Additives in the Smoldering Combustion of Cotton Cellulose,"Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Dev. , 21:97-101.
2.
McCarter, R.J.1977. "Smoldering Combustion of Cotton and Rayon,"J. Consumer Prod. Flamm., 4:346-358.
3.
Ihrig, A.M., A.L. Rhyne, V. Norman and A.W. Spears.1986. "Ignition of Cellulosic Upholstery Fabrics by Cigarettes,"J. Fire Sciences, 4:237-260.
4.
Dwyer, R.W., L.G. Fournier, L.S. Lewis, D. Furin, A.M. Ihrig, S. Smith, W.Z. Hudson, R.H. Honeycutt and J.E. Bunch.1993. "The Effects of Upholstery Fabric Properties on Fabric Ignitabilites by Smoldering Cigarettes," accepted for publication in the Journal of Fire Sciences.
5.
Krasny, J.F.1992. "A Simple Method for Reducing Cigarette-Caused Upholstery Fires,"Textile Chemist and Colorist, 24:12.
6.
Yeh, K., Z. Song, J. Reznichenko and K.O. Jang.1993. "Alkali Metal Ions and Their Effects on Smoldering and Ignition of Cotton Upholstery Fabrics-A Literature Review," accepted for publication in the Journal of Fire Sciences .
7.
CORESTA is an international organization whose members include the leading tobacco companies. The purpose of CORESTA is to create new laboratory procedures and standardize testing.
8.
Wu, E-Chung , A.M. Ihrig and V. Norman.1992. "Ignition Propensity Testing at Different Oxygen Concentration,"J. Fire Sciences, 10:365-385.
9.
Damant, G.H. and M.A. Young.1977. "Smoldering Characteristics of Fabrics Used as Upholstered Furniture Coverings,"J. Cons. Prod. Flamm., 4:60-113.
10.
Damant, G.H. , S.S. Williams and J.F. Kransy.1982. "Cigarette Ignition Behavior of Commercial Upholstery Cover Fabrics,"J. Cons. Prod. Flamm., 9:31-46.
11.
Williams, S.S. and G.H. Damant.1983. "Evaluation of Three Methods for Rendering Upholstery Fabrics Smolder Resistant,"J. Fire Sci., 1:96-117.
12.
Sekiguchi, Y. and F. Shafizadeh.1984. "The Effect of Inorganic Additives on the Formation and Combustion of Cellulosic Char.,"J. of Applied Polymer Science , 29:1167-1286.
13.
Hüttinger, K.J. and R. Minges.1984. "Catalytic Activity of Potassium Halides in Water Vapour Gasification of Graphite,"Fuel, 63:9-12.
14.
Hüttinger, K.J. and R. Minges.1986. "Influence of the Catalyst Precursor Anion in Catalysis of Water Vapor Gasification of Carbon by Potassium. 1. Activation of the Catalyst Precursors,"Fuel, 65:1112-21.
