Assessment of Fire Model DIN 53436

DIN 53436-"Erzeugung thermischer Zersetzungsprodukte von Werkstoffen unter Luftzufuhr und ihre toxikologische Prüfung. Teil I-Zersetzungsgerat und Bestimmung der Versuchstemperatur."

DIN 53436-Teil II, "Verfahren zur thermischen Zersetzung."

DIN 53436—Teil III, "Entwurf-Verfahren zur inhalations-toxikologischen Untersuchung thermischer Zersetzungsprodukte."

DTR ISO/TC 92/SC3WG-4, "Toxicity Testing of Fire Effluents: The State of Art" (1985). ISO/TC 92/SC3/WG3, "Bioassay for the Assessment of the Acute Toxicity of Fire Effluents: Criteria Status of Methods, Recommendations, Basic Principles and Desk Concepts" (November 1984).

"Fachnormenausschuβ Kunststoffe;' FNK/FNM 4.10-2, "Bildung von Qualm und Zersetzungsgasen," (aus Kunststoffen) (bei Flammeneinwirkung).

Rumberg, E. and H. Reploh. "Analytische Untersuchung und medizinische Beurteilung von Brandgasen," Staatliches Materialprüfungsamt NRW (October 1976).

DIN 53436 E August 1966-"Gerät für die thermische Zersetzung von Kunststoffen unter Luftzufuhr."

FNM D11d-"Prüfverfahren für Rauch- und Brandgase," (D11d2 Prüfverfahren fur toxische Eigenschaften) (FNM 853 Prüfverfahren zur Ermittlung der Toxizität von Schwel- und Brandgasen).

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Sudendey, F. "Zur Frage der Entstehung von Rauch und Zersetzungsgasen mit toxischer und reizender Wirkung bei der Verschwelung von Kunststoffen," Diss. CB 1057 Universitat Munster (1964).

Muller, W. "Die experimentelle Untersuchung zur Frage der Toxizität von Kunststoffverschwelungsprodukten ;' Diss. CB 2015 Universitat Munster (1965).

Wang, I. (geb. Lampka). "Kunststoffverschwelungsprodukte und deren Wirkungen auf den tierischen Organismus," Diss Universität Munster (1969).

Reploh, H. , W. Klosterkötter and P. Finck-Rosskamp . "Zur Frage der Toxizität von Kunststoff-Verschwelungsprodukten ;' Arch. Hyg., 150(26): 393-405 (1966).

Kimmerle, G. "Methodology for toxicological analysis of combustion products," Polym. Ser. Conf Salt Lake City (1976).

Vorlaüfige Bewertungsmaβstäbe der relativen Toxizität thermischer Zersetzungsprodukte nicht brennbarer Baustoffe (Klasse A2) Entwurf Novem' er, 1970, Mitteilungen IfBt Nr. 2 (April 1973).

Einbrodt, H.J. Toxicologische Untersuchung der Rauchgase am Dekostoff [Glanzseide nach DIN 41002 (Baustoffklasse A2)], Aachen (Gutachten) October 25, 1971.

Prager, F.H. , H.J. Einbrodt , J. Hupfeld , W. Muller and H. Sand. "Risikoorientierte Bewertung der Rauchgastoxizität auf der Basis von Laborprüfverfahren-Brauchbarkeit der Zersetzungsapparatur nach DIN 53436" (in preparation).

Kimmerle, G. and A. Eben. "Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicology of Trichlorethylene after Inhalation," Arch. Toxicol. 30:115 (1983).

Einbrodt, H.J. , J. Hupfeld , F.H. Prager and H. Sand. "The Suitability of the DIN 53436 Test Apparatus for the Simulation of a Fire Risk Situation with Flaming Combustion," J. of Fire Sci., 2 ( 1984).

Einbrodt, H.J. , R. Sasse and F.H. Prager. "Verschwelungsapparatur nach DIN 53436," Materialprüfung, 27(4):44-48 (1985).

Topf, P. Institut fur Holzforschung, München.

Sand, H. Toxic risk and fire scenario ISO TC92SC3WG4.

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. Sasse, H.R. , H.J. Einbrodt and F.H. Prager. "Entwicklung eines Sicherheitskonzeptes für die brandschutztechnische Bewertung der Rauchgastoxizitat" (to be published).

Kimmerle, G. "Toxicity of Combustion Products with Particular Reference to Polyurethane," Ann. Occup. Hyg., 19:269-273 (1976).

Kimmerle, G. and F.H. Prager. "The Relative Toxicity of Products: Part I-Plastic and Man-Made Fibres; Part II-Polyisocyanate Based Foam Materials," J. of Comb. Tox., 7:42-68 (1980).

Sand, H.E. and H. Th. Hofmann . "Beurteilung der Gesundheitsgefahr bei Bränden durch thermische Zersetzungsprodukte von brennbaren Werkstoffen," Osterreichische Kunststoff-Zeitschrift, 8:37-45 (1977)

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Boudene, C. , J.M. Jouany and R. Truhout. "Protective Effect of Water Against Toxicity and Pyrolysis and Combustion products of Wood and Polyvinyl" (2nd Symp. on PVC, Lyon, July, 1976 J. Makromol. Sci. Chem., A 11/8 (1976).

Jouany, J.M. , C. Boudene and R. Truhout. "The Physiogram as a Method for the Evaluation of Toxicity of Combustion Products in Controlled Ventilation Experiments," Polym. Conf . Salt Lake City, 1976.

Herpol, C. and R. Minne. "Study on the Inhalation Toxicity of Thermal Decomposition Products According to DIN 53436 (Parts 1, 2 and 3),' Laboratorium voon Anwending der Brandstoffen en warmte-overdracht Nr. 2334 (September 23, 1983).

Hartzell, G.E. , W.G. Switzer and D.N. Priest. "Modelling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: V Mathematical Modelling of Intoxication of Ratsby Combined Carbon Monoxide in Hydrogen Cyanide Atmospheres," J. of Fire Sci., 3:330 (1985).

Hartzell, G.E. , D.N. Priest and W.G. Switzer. "Modelling of Toxicological Effects of Fire Gases: II Mathematical Modelling of Intoxication of Ratsby Carbon Monoxide in Hydrogen Cyanide," J. of Fire Sci., 3:115 (March/April 1985).

Lynch, R.D. "On the Non-Existence of Synergism between Inhaled Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide," FRS Note 1035 (May 1975).

Moss, R.H. , C.F. Jackson and J. Seiberlich. "Toxicity of Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen Cyanide as Mixtures," Arch. Indust. Hyg. Occup. Med., 4:53-64 (1951).

Bonsall, J.L. "Survival Without Following Exposure to 500 mg/m3 of Hydrogen Cyanide," Human Toxicology, 3:57-60 (1984).

Levin, B.C. , et al. "Generation of Hydrogen Cyanide from Flexible Polyurethane foam Decomposed under Different Combustion Conditions," Fire and Material, 9(3):125-135 (1985).

Herpol, C. "Biological Evaluation of the Toxicity of Products of Pyrolysis and Combustion of Materials," Fire and Materials, 1:29-35 (1976).

Herpol, C. , R. Minne and E. van Outryve. "Biological Evaluation of Gases Produced under Fire Conditions by Synthetic Materials," Comb. Sci. and Techn . Volume 12, pp. 217-228 and pp. 229-244 (1976).

Herpol, C. and P. Vandevelde. "Calculation of a Toxicity Index for Materials Based on a Biological Evaluation," Fire and Materials, 3(1):7 (1979).

Herpol, C. and R. Minne. "Biological Evaluation of the Toxicity of Gases Produced under Fire Conditions by Synthetic Materials," Comb. Sci. Techn. 12, pp. 229-244 (1976).

Herpol, C. "Comparative Study of the Toxicity of Combustion Products from Flame Retardant and Untreated Materials," Fire and Materials, 7:193 (1983).

Herpol, C. and P. Vandevelde. "Use of Toxicity Test Results and Confrontation of Some Toxicity Test Methods with Fire Scenarios," Fire Safety J ., 4:271-280 (1981/82).

Boudene, C. and J.M. Jouany. "Ètude de la toxicité par voire derienne des produits de combustion et de pyrolyse de polyurethanes," Report to III 4., April 1978.

Purser, D.A. "Biological Studies of Combustion Atmospheres," QMC symposium , 1982.

Edgerly, P.C. , Z.W. Rogowski and W.D. Woolley. "A Study of the Combustion Process of the DIN 53436 Using Wood, Polypropylene and Polymethacrylate," ISO TC 92-WG 12-101.

Woolley, W.D. and P.J. Fardell. "Basic Aspects of Combustion Toxicology," Fire Safety J. 5:29-48 (1982)

. Doe, J. "Smoke Toxicity Assessment," Plastics & Fire (1977).

Purser, D.A. "Human Behaviour: Physiological Effects in Real Fires," Interflam 85, p. 155 (1985).

Galster, W.A. and F.D. Hileman. "Physiological and Toxicological Aspects of the Combustion of Selected Polyurethane Foams—A Comparative Study," FRC report to III (1976).

Voorhees, K.J. , D.A. Chatfield , St. Packham and I.N. Einhorn. "Flammability Characteristics of Phenolic and Urea-Formaldehyde Foams," FRC/UL-58 (1974).

Effenberger, E. "Toxische Wirkungen der Verbrennungsprodukte von Kunststoffen;' Städtehygiene , 12:275 (1972).

Effenberger, E. Gutachten zur Frage der Verwendbarkeit des Polyurethan-Schaumstoffes "Hartmoltopren" der Firma Bayer AG, Leverkusen im Bauwesen (January 30, 1973).

Effenberger, E. Gutachten zur Frage der Verwendbarkeit von Polyisocyanuratschaumstoff PIR I and PIR II (February 10, 1978 ).

Oettel, H. "Gesundheitsgefahren bei der Herstellung, Verarbeitung und Zersetzung von Kunststoffen," Moderne Unfallverhüctung , pp. 95-119 (1966).

Hofmann, H. Th. and H. Sand. "Weitere Untersuchungen zur relativen Toxizitat von Kunststoff-Verschwelungsprodukten," Kunststoff-Rundschau , 10 (1974).

Sand, H. and H. Th. Hofmann . "Evaluation of the Acute Toxicity Hazard of Combustion Products Given Off by Organic Materials," Salt Lake City Polym. Conf. (1976).

Kimmerle, G. and F.H. Prager. "Toxizitat der Verschwelungs- und Verbrennungsprodukte verschiedener Chemiewerkstoffe und -Fasern," Kautschuk & Gummi, Kunststoffe, 33(5):354-359 (1980).

Klimisch, H.J. "Generations of Constant Concentration of Thermal Decomposition Products in Inhalation Chambers," J . of Comb. Tox., 7:257 (November 1980).

Klimisch, H.J. , H.W.N. Hollander and J. Thyssen. "Comparative Measurements of the Toxicity to Laboratory Animals of Products of Thermal Decomposition Generated by the Method of DIN 53436," J. of Comb. Tox., 7:208 (November 1980).

Klimisch, H.J. , H.W. Hollander and J. Thyssen. "Measurement of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide in Inhalation Chambers," J. of Comb. Tox., 7:243 (November 1980).

Klimisch, H.J. "Concept and Experience with the Standardization of Test Methods According to DIN 53436 for Determining the Relative Acute Inhalation Toxicity of Thermal Decomposition Products," QMC Konferenz (1982).

Hartzell, G.E. "Acute Inhalation Toxicity Study of Combustion Products Produced in a Room-Size Combustion Exposure Chamber," SWRI Project 03.5921.901 for the SPI.

Birky, M.M. , M. Paabo , B.C. Levin , S.E. Womble and D. Malek. "Development of Recommended Method for Toxicological Assessment of Inhaled Combustion Products," NBSIR 80-2077.

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Einbrodt, H.J. and H. Jesse. "Über die Toxizität der Brand- und Schwelgase bei Kabelbränden," GAK 12/1983 S 648; GAK 2/1984 S 64.

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Birky, M.M. , A.W. Coates , S.E. Aldersen , J.E. Brown , B. Pitt and M. Paabo. "New Measurements and Observation of the Toxicological Hazard of Fire in a Metro-rail Interior Mock-up," Fireline, 9 (October 13, 1976 ).

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Prager, F.H. et al. "The Contribution of Upholstered Furniture to Residential Fire Risk," Cellular Polymers , 3:161-164 (1984).

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Berner, K. "Stahl-Polyurethan-Sandwich Tragwerke unter Temperatur und Brandbeanspruchung," Diss, Darmstadt (1978).

Woolley, W.D. and P.J. Fardell. "Basic Aspects of Combustion Toxicology," Fire Safety J., 5:29-48 (1982).

Burgess, W.A. , R.D. Treitman and A. Gold. "Air Contaminants in Structural Fire Fighting," Harvard School of Public Health (March 1979).