Abstract

Keywords
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
https://www.epa.gov/saferchoice/design-environment-alternatives-assessments
(accessed 8 March 2022 ).
2.
3.
4.
https://www.epa.gov/assessing-and-managing-chemicals-under-tsca/polybrominated-diphenyl-ethers-pbdes
(acces-sed 8 March 2022 ).
6.
7.
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2018-06/documents/hbcd_problem_formulation_05-31-18.pdf
(accessed 8 March 2022 ).
8.Technical bulletin 117-2013, requirements, test procedure and apparatus for testing the smolder resistance of materials used in upholstered furniture . State of California, Department of Consumer Affairs , https://bhgs.dca.ca.gov/laws/tb117_2013.pdf (2019 , accessed 14 April 2020 ).
10.
Blais
MS
Carpenter
K
Fernandez
K
. Comparative room burn study of furnished rooms from the United Kingdom, France and the United States . Fire Technol 2019 ; 56 : 489 –514 .
11.
Babrauskas
V
Krasny
JF
. Fire behavior of upholstered furniture (NBS monograph 173) . Gaithersburg, MD : US National Bureau of Standards , 1985 , https://www.nist.gov/publications/fire-behavior-upholstered-furniture-nbs-monograph-173 (accessed 8 March 2022 ).
12.
Cleary
TG
Ohlemiller
TJ
Villa
K
. The influence of ignition source on the flaming fire hazard of upholstered furniture . Fire Safety J 1994 ; 23 : 79 –102 .
13.
Nazare
S
Pitts
WM
Shields
J
, et al . Assessing fire-blocking effectiveness of barrier fabrics in the cone calorimeter . Fire Sci 2019 ; 37 : 340 –376 .
14.
https://cpsc.gov/s3fs-public/Upholstered%20Furniture%20Update%202019.pdf
(accessed 8 March 2022 ).
15.
Harris
D
Davis
A
Ryan
PB
, et al . Chemical exposure and flammability risk of upholstered furniture . Fire Mater 2021 ; 45 : 167 –180 .
16.
Ahrens
M
. Soft furnishing fires: they’re still a problem . Fire Mater 2021 ; 45 : 8 –16 .
17.
Ahrens
M
. Home fires that began with upholstered furniture . Quincy, MA : NFPA Research , 2017 , https://www.nfpa.org//-/media/Files/News-and-Research/Fire-statistics-and-reports/US-Fire-Problem/Fire-causes/osupholstered.pdf (accessed 8 March 2022 ).
18.
Zammarano
M
Matko
S
Davis
RD
. Impact of test and foam design on smoldering . National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note 1799 , May 2013 , https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/TechnicalNotes/NIST.TN.1799.pdf (accessed 8 March 2022 ).
19.
Horrocks
AR
. The potential for bio—sustainable organobromine—containing flame retardant formulations for textile applications—a review . Polymers 2020 ; 12 : 2160 .
20.
Watson
DAV
Schiraldi
DA
. Biomolecules as flame retardant additives for polymers: a review . Polymers 2020 ; 12 : 849 .
21.
Lazar
ST
Kolibaba
TJ
Grunlan
JC
. Flame-retardant surface treatments . Nat Rev Mater 2020 ; 5 : 259 –275 .
22.
Velencoso
MM
Battig
A
Markwart
JC
, et al . Molecular firefighting —how modern phosphorus chemistry can help solve the challenge of flame retardancy . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018 ; 57 : 10450 –10467 .
23.
Weil
ED
Levchik
SV
. Flame retardants for plastics and textiles: practical applications . Cincinnati, OH : Hanser Publishers , 2009 .
24.
Simonson
M
Blomqvist
P
Boldizar
A
, et al . Fire-LCA model: TV case study . SP Report 2000:13 , 2000 , http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:962137/FULLTEXT01.pdf
25.
Simonson
M
Andersson
P
Bliss
D
. Fire performance of selected IT-equipment . Fire Technol 2004 ; 40 : 27 –37 .
26.
Blomqvist
P
Rosell
L
Simonson
M
. Emissions from fires part I: fire retarded and non-fire retarded TV-sets . Fire Technol 2004 ; 40 : 39 –58 .
27.
Blomqvist
P
Rosell
L
Simonson
M
. Emissions from fires part II: fire retarded and non-fire retarded TV-sets . Fire Technol 2004 ; 40 : 59 –73 .
28.
Simonson-McNamee
M
Andersson
P
. Application of a cost-benefit analysis model to the use of flame retardants . Fire Technol 2015 ; 51 : 67 –83 .
