This PIRT exercise identifies a number of factors which can influence thermocouple readings made in fires. Identified factors are: (a) the fuel/oxidizer equivalence ratio and its effect on readings, (b) the influence of the state of oxidation and variation with time for the thermocouple sheath, (c) the convection coefficient models and how experimental readings are influenced by thermocouple diameter and yaw angle, (d) response time of a MIMS thermocouple, and (e) thermocouple end effects.
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2.
Brown, A.L., Gill, W. and Lopez, C. ( 2008). Predictive Evolution of Fuel from a Liquid Pool Fire: Phenomenology Identification and Ranking Exercise, IMECE2006-15157, In: Proceedings of IMECE 2006, Chicago, IL, 5-10 November.
3.
Nakos, J., Gill, W. and Keltner, N. ( 1991). Analysis of Flame Temperature Measurements using Sheathed Thermocouples in JP-8 Pool Fires, In: ASME/JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference, Reno, Nevada , pp. 283-289.
4.
Luo, M. ( 1997). Effects of Radiation on Temperature Measurements in a Fire Environment, Journal of Fire Sciences, 15(6): 443-461.
5.
Pitts, W.M., Braun, E., Peacock, R.D., Mitler, H.E., Johnsson, E.L., Reneke, P.A. and Blevins, L.G. ( 2002). Temperature Uncertainty for Bare-Bead and Aspirated Thermocouple Measurements in Fire Environments, ASTM Special Technical Publication, West Conshohocken, PA, Vol. 1427, pp. 3-15.
6.
Brundage, A.L., Kearney, S.P., Donaldson, A.B., Nicolette, V.F. and Gill, W. ( 2005). A joint computational and experimental study to evaluate inconelsheathed thermocouple performance in flames, Technical Report, SAND2005-3978 , Sandia National Laboratories.
7.
Nicolette, V.F. ( 1996). Computational fire modeling for aircraft fire research, Technical Report, SAND96-2714, Sandia National Laboratories .
8.
McAdams, W.H. ( 1954). Heat Transmission, 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill, New York, p. 259.
9.
Russell, L.H. and Canfield, J.A. (1973). Experimental Measurements of Heat Transfer to a Cylinder Immersed in a Large Aviation-Fuel Fire, Journal of Heat Transfer, 95(3): 397-404.
10.
Hottel, H.C. and Sarofin, R.B. ( 1967). Radiative Transfer , McGraw-Hill, New York.
11.
Kraabel, J.S. , McKillop, A.A. and Baughn, J.W. (1982). Heat Transfer to Air from a Yawed Cylinder, International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer, 25(3): 409-418.
12.
Sparrow, E.M. and Moreno, Y.A. (1987). Effect of Yaw on Forced Convection Heat Transfer from a Circular Cylinder, International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer, 30(3): 427-435.
13.
Adrian, R.J. , Johnson, R.E., Jones, B.G., Merati, P. and Tung, A. (1984). Aerodynamic Disturbances of Hot-Wire Probes and Directional Sensitivity, Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments, 17(1): 62-71.
