The supreme court in Garcetti v. Ceballos (2006) held that public employees do not have constitutional rights to speak out on matters of public concern in the course of the performance of their official duties. The article examines the First Amendment freedom of speech rights of faculty employed at public universities and colleges before and after the Garcetti decision by examining lower federal court decisions. It argues that lower federal courts have applied Garcetti to the intramural speech, further limiting the freedom of speech rights of faculty members engaged in university governance activities. The article also argues that lower federal courts have not ruled on whether Garcetti applies to the classroom speech of college faculty.
BeckstromD. C. (2010). Reconciling the public employee speech doctrine and academic speech afterGarcetti v. Ceballos. Minnesota Law Review, 94, 1202-1238.
3.
ChangA. W. (2001). Resuscitating the constitutional “theory” of academic freedom: A search for a standard beyond Pickering and Connick. Stanford Law Review, 53, 915-966.
4.
Clinger v. New Mexico Highlands University, 215 F.3d 1162 (10th Cir. 2000).
5.
Connick v. Myers, 461 U.S. 138 (1983).
6.
Dambrot v. Central Michigan University, 55 F.3d 1177 (6th Cir.1995).
7.
Duke v. North Texas State University, 469 F.2d 829 (5th Cir, 1972).
8.
Duke v. North Texas State University, 412 U.S. 932 (1973).
Gardetto v. Mason, 1999 U.S. App. LEXIS 32586 (10th Cir.2000).
13.
Givhan v. Western Line Consolidated School District, 439 U.S. 410 (1979).
14.
Gorum v. Sessoms, 561 F.3d 179 (3rd Cir. 2009).
15.
Hardy v. Jefferson Comm. College, 260 F.3d 671 (6th Cir. 2001).
16.
Hong v. Grant 516 F. Supp. 2d 1158 (C. D. Cal. 2007).
17.
Hong v. Grant, 2010U.S. App. LEXIS 23504 (9th Cir. 2010).
18.
Jeffries v. Harleston, 21 F.3d 1238 (2d Cir. 1994).
19.
Jeffries v. Harleston, 52 F. 3d 9 (2d Cir. 1995).
20.
KandelW. L. (1994). Waters v. Churchill: Judicial deference to the reasonable employer and workplace realities—Plus a plea for ADR?Employee Relations Law Review, 20, 283-297.
21.
Kerr v. Hurd, 694 F. Supp. 2d 817 (S.D. Ohio, 2010).
22.
Keyishian v. Board of Regents, 385 US 589 (1967).
23.
LimaA. (2008). Case note and comment: Shedding First Amendment rights at the classroom door?: The effect of Garcetti and Mayer on education in public schools. George Mason Law Review, 16, 173-2001.
24.
Lowery v. Tex. A & M Univ., 117 F. 3d 242 (5th Cir. 1997).
25.
LynchR. G. (2003). Comment: pawns of the state or priests of democracy? Analyzing professors’ academic freedom rights within the state’s managerial realm. California Law Review, 91, 1061-1108.
26.
Martin v. Parrish, 805 F.2d 583 (5th Cir. 1986).
27.
Mayer v. Monroe County Community Sch. Corp., 474 F.3d 477 (7th Cir. 2007a).
28.
Mayer v. Monroe County Community Sch. Corp., 552 U.S. 823 (2007b).
29.
Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle, 429 U.S. 274 (1977).
30.
Pickering v. Board of Education, 391 U.S. 563 (1968).
31.
Piggee v. Carl Sandburg College, 464 F.3d 667 (7th Cir. 2006).
32.
Rankin v. McPherson, 483 U.S. 378 (1987).
33.
Renken v. Gregory, 541 F.3d 769 (7th Cir. 2007).
34.
RobertsR. (2007). The supreme court and the deconstitutionalization of the freedom of speech rights of public employees. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 27, 171-184.
35.
RosenbloomD. H. (1994). Fuzzy law. Public Administration Review, 54, 503-506.
Slochower v. Board of Education, 350 U.S. 551 (1956).
39.
Shelley Evans-Marshall v. Board of Education of The Tipp City Exempted Village School District, 2010U.S. App. LEXIS 21680 (CA 6th Cir, 2010),
40.
Shovlin v. University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, 50 F. Supp. 2d 297 (D.N.J.1998).
41.
TepperR. J.WhiteC. G. (2009). Speak no evil: Academic freedom and the application ofGarcetti v. Ceballos to public university faculty. Catholic University Law Review, 59, 125-180.
Van AlstyneW. W. (1972). The specific theory of academic freedom and the general issue of civil liberties. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 404, 140-156.
45.
Waters v. Churchill, 511 U.S. 661 (1994).
46.
Williams v. Alabama State University, 979 F. Supp. 1406 (M.D. Ala1997).
