Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

In primary schools, the incorporation of STEAM education has become a widespread trend, as it is believed to have the potential to enhance the quality of education and foster students' competencies. This investigation aimed to explore the definition, measurement model, and scale of students' STEAM competence, emphasizing their hands-on experiences in STEAM education. A total of 1126 fourth to sixth-grade students participated in the survey and were examined to assess the reliability and validity of the STEAM competence scale developed based on previous studies and theoretical foundations. The results indicate that the scale is acceptable and that there are significant connections between various indicators as confirmed by path analysis. The study’s significance, limitations, and conclusions are also addressed.

Keywords

students,STEAM competence students’ STEAM competence scale primary student investigation Chinese sample

Introduction

In response to criticisms of rote learning practices, the Chinese Ministry of Education proposed initiatives in 2015 to enhance education standards by integrating STEAM education, maker education, and entrepreneurship education. As a result, several schools adopted STEAM education to provide a holistic educational experience that moves beyond memorization.

The Chinese government implemented policies aimed at addressing challenges posed by economic restructuring, employment pressures, and the need for educational reform for its vast population and abundant workforce. The government’s policies aim to stimulate economic growth and advance social progress through the promotion of innovation and entrepreneurship. Consequently, STEAM education gained significant popularity among educators and researchers, leading to its widespread adoption by thousands of primary, middle, and high schools. However, the implementation of STEM and STEAM education encountered various obstacles based on the National Institute of Education Sciences (NIES, China), such as (1) Limited ability and conviction among educators and administrators to implement STEM education effectively; (2) Inconsistent support for STEM education that depended on open-minded attitudes; (3) The need for improved teaching methods and evaluation practices; (4) Lack of knowledge, skills, and support among educators and administrators to teach STEM subjects effectively; (5) Insufficient resource and policy support despite high demand for STEM education. Additional challenges included a severe shortage of teachers, inadequate STEAM curriculum, and inadequate space resources, among others.

The research gap is that, despite the widespread adoption of STEAM education programs in China, there is a paucity of research on students' STEAM competence (SSC). The research gap highlights the need for an assessment tool and measurement framework to advance STEAM education. Therefore, this study aims to address this gap by (1) collecting different types of validity evidence for the measurement model, (2) constructing a reliable and valid measurement model for SSC, and (3) developing and testing a comprehensive SSC scale to accurately measure primary school SSC. Overall, the objectives of the study are to evaluate the psychometric properties of SSC and effectively measure SSC.

Literature Review

Comparing STEM and STEAM: The Importance of Arts and Humanities

STEAM competence is the ability to apply knowledge and skills from science, technology, engineering, arts, and mathematics in an interdisciplinary and creative way to solve complex real-world problems (Lin & Tsai, 2021). It differs from STEM competence by incorporating the arts, emphasizing creativity and design thinking, and recognizing the potential for interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation that comes from integrating arts and STEM fields competence (Valerio, 2014).

There is a significant body of research on the topic of STEAM education. Firstly, the importance of arts and humanities in STEAM education is crucial, as recognized by several researchers (Khine & Areepattamannil, 2019). Incorporating arts into STEM education provides a diverse approach to teaching and promotes creativity among students (Harris & de Bruin, 2017; Katz-Buonincontro, 2018). When students acquire the ability to apply arts literacy and creativity in a flexible manner, they become better equipped to conceive and execute STEM projects (Land, 2013). While some argue that the arts should play a distinct role in STEAM education, separate from the other subjects, others are concerned that incorporating the arts may diminish the significance of STEM. However, the arts are essential for the growth of humanities, social sciences, and human empowerment within STEAM education (Anwaruddin, 2013). Neglecting the arts within STEM education highlights the society’s emphasis on utilitarian objectives at the expense of valuing appreciation and empathy. STEAM education fosters connections between individuals, society, and the natural world, making students more conscious of crucial aspects of society and the humanities, such as environmental preservation, resource management, and ethical considerations in science (Littledyke, 2008). Thus, educators should recognize the significance of arts in STEAM education to promote creativity, diversity, and empathy among students.

Secondly, the integration of arts and humanities into STEAM education is crucial for fostering creativity, which is essential for students to navigate the rapidly evolving world and shape the future (Kanematsu & Barry, 2016). STEAM education, based on the constructivist theory, can enhance students’ 21st-century competencies and creativity (Gross & Gross, 2016). Moreover, incorporating dance into STEM education yields a noteworthy influence on students' interdisciplinary thinking and other proficiencies (Payton et al., 2017). STEAM education aims to address real-world issues and develop aesthetically pleasing solutions that preserve human imagination and innovation (Daugherty, 2013). By incorporating cultural diversity into its pedagogy, STEAM education has the potential to enhance the creativity and outcomes of African American students (Allina, 2018). Through design-based activities and diverse cultural elements, STEAM education provides an efficient way to foster creativity and promote a culture of innovation in students through a carefully crafted curriculum and teaching methods.

Thirdly, the integration of the arts, humanities, and STEM fields in STEAM education aims to promote inclusivity by bridging the gap between traditionally separate areas of study. Historically, this division has hindered effective communication between scientists and non-scientists. By incorporating technology and pedagogical methods, the STEAM curriculum emphasizes the importance of artistic, linguistic, and cultural perspectives. Mathematics, which encompasses concepts such as quadratics, arithmetic, geometry, regularity, and modeling, serves as a tangible representation of the arts. The integration of arts and humanities into STEM education not only enhances STEM education but also strengthens connections between these diverse fields (Snow, 1960).

Fourthly, STEAM education encourages students to think critically and solve complex problems in creative ways. By integrating the arts and humanities with STEM subjects, students are able to approach problem-solving from multiple angles and perspectives, and generate more innovative solutions. For example, students who are involved in STEAM education are more likely to develop critical thinking skills, creativity, and problem-solving skills, as well as enhanced communication and collaboration skills (Wynn & Harris, 2012). Through project-based learning, students are able to work on real-world challenges that require the application of STEM concepts, as well as their knowledge and skills in the arts and humanities. Additionally, STEAM education helps students to develop a growth mindset and a sense of agency, which can lead to improved academic performance and overall life outcomes (Khine & Areepattamannil, 2019). In conclusion, STEAM education offers numerous benefits for students, teachers, and society as a whole, and is a promising approach to improving education and preparing students for the 21st century.

Finally, integrating arts and humanities into STEAM education has been found to have multiple benefits for students: (1) Incorporating language learning into STEM subjects within a contextualized environment can address inequities and close the achievement gap among students from different backgrounds. Additionally, engaging students in STEM through creative arts and hands-on experiences can inspire them to pursue STEM careers (Bequette & Bequette, 2012). A quasi-experiment also found that STEAM courses had a superior effect on students' physical science evaluations compared to STEM courses alone; (2) The integration of arts and humanities can advance the field, as demonstrated by examples such as hip-hop epistemology, environmentally friendly projects, and multidisciplinary frameworks that focus on the intersection of arts and ecology (Gadsden, 2008); (3) Implementing dynamic visualization systems and model-centered approaches from liberal arts education can enhance STEM education by fostering versatile skills and competencies.

The Need for a New Framework and Instrument for Measuring STEAM Competence

While evaluating STEAM competency is crucial for ensuring quality, equity, and diversity in STEM education, the research has primarily focused on assessing STEM education and competence, with less attention given to STEAM competence. Current K-12 education accountability systems tend to emphasize the evaluation of STEM knowledge rather than STEM skills, leading to a lack of comprehensive measurement tools for STEAM competence (Green, 2014). While there are numerous STEM assessment rubrics and tools available, they are insufficient for measuring STEAM competence (Kim & Moon, 2016).

Studies have indicated that creativity, which is a significant component of STEAM education, comprises five fundamental elements: inquisitiveness, imagination, persistence, discipline, and collaboration (Barber et al., 2017). However, other studies evaluating students' STEAM literacy or competence have not established a comprehensive framework or measurement model (Conner et al., 2017; Herro et al., 2017). These studies may also be limited due to small sample sizes, a lack of scientific basis, and questions about reliability and validity (Shek, 2013; Shek & Lin, 2013).

Therefore, researchers have advocated for a comprehensive evaluation system at the classroom level to address the needs of STEM professionals and educators and improve the assessment of STEM skills. In assessing the quality of K-12 STEM education, indicators such as student achievement, available resources, investments, professional development, external support, and other factors should also be examined. Ultimately, there is a need for more research and development of comprehensive measurement tools for STEAM competence to ensure that students are prepared for future STEM careers that require a broad range of skills beyond traditional STEM knowledge.

Theoretical Framework for STEAM Competence

While the arts and humanities have been neglected in education, the importance of STEAM education and competence has been recognized, as evidenced by its adoption in Chinese primary schools. To assess the effectiveness of STEAM programs, this study has utilized the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method and interviews to develop a STEAM competence model that includes psychological cognition, situated learning, practical inquiry, social communication, rational decision making, creative presentation, and impact assessment. This study aims to construct a measurement model and scale of SSC, consisting of three dimensions: individual, society, and living world, and to evaluate the scale’s transferability with different samples. The two-phase study involves developing and testing the measurement model’s reliability, validity, psychometric properties, and factor structure (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

The conceptual model of students’ STEAM competence, developed by the authors of this study.

Method

Participants

This study included a sample of 1126 primary school students from five different schools. The participants were in grades 4 to 6 and were selected from schools that had previously participated in STEAM education programs, with support from government, university, and enterprise organizations. All participants were voluntarily involved in the study and were informed about the confidential nature of the investigation. The study’s sample comprised 507 fourth-grade students, 394 fifth-grade students, and 225 sixth-grade students, including 526 male and 600 female students. The five schools in the sample had a combined total of 246, 203, 168, 262, and 247 students, respectively. These schools had previously undergone STEAM education pilot programs in the past few years.

Materials

Students’ STEAM Competence Scale (SSCs) was formulated based on a prior study on STEAM competence for primary students. A survey was conducted, and a 32-item scale was developed and applied to primary school students who participated in a STEAM education program. The scale evaluates practical cognition, interpersonal interaction, and comprehensive influence in the individual, society, and environment contexts. Responses were rated on a Likert scale from 1 to 9, and scores for each dimension were calculated by averaging the corresponding items. The scale demonstrated good internal consistency, with a Cronbach’s alpha index of 0.963.

Data Interpretation

The study gathered data from a sample of 1126 primary school students randomly selected from grades four to six in five schools that had experience with STEAM education. The students completed a distributed questionnaire under teacher supervision. Statistical methods, including Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson correlation analyses, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), were used to evaluate the scale’s reliability and validity.

Cronbach’s alpha ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating no internal consistency and 1 indicating perfect consistency (Kaplan, 2009). Typically, a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.7 or higher indicates high internal consistency of the measurement tool, while a value below 0.7 may indicate the need for further refinement or redesign of the measurement tool.

Pearson correlation coefficient can range from −1 to 1, with a value of 0 indicating no correlation, a value of 1 indicating a perfect positive correlation, and a value of −1 indicating a perfect negative correlation (Ganti, 2020). Construct validity was examined through Pearson correlation analyses.

Unless otherwise specified, the Maximum Likelihood (ML) extraction (Klinke et al., 2010) was utilized for CFA, while the principal component analysis (PCA) extraction method (Sophian et al., 2003) was employed for EFA. Additionally, the default rotation method employed is varimax, unless explicitly stated otherwise (Park et al., 2002).

Results

Validity of the SSC Scales’ Constructs

The validity of the constructs of the SSCs was evaluated by examining its internal consistency and bivariate correlations. The findings of these analyses are presented in Table 1, which presents information on the correlations between the seven criteria of the SSCs and its internal consistency, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha. The results of these analyses provided strong evidence for the construct validity and discriminant validity of the SSCs.

Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics and Pearson’s Correlations of SSCs.

	Mean	SD	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10
1. Gender	1.5	0.5	—
2. Grade	1.9	0.8	0.0	—
3. Rank	2.6	1.1	0.1	0.0	—
4. a	4.9	1.6	−0.1	−0.3	−0.4	0.8^α
5. b	5.0	1.7	−0.1	−0.3	−0.4	0.8	0.8^α
6. c	5.0	1.7	−0.1	−0.3	−0.4	0.8	0.8	0.8^α
7. d	4.9	1.8	0.0	−0.3	−0.4	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7^α
8. e	4.9	1.7	0.0	−0.3	−0.4	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.7	0.8^α
9. f	5.0	1.7	0.0	−0.3	−0.4	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8^α
10. g	5.0	1.7	0.0	−0.3	−0.4	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8	0.8^α

a: psychological cognition, b: situated learning, c: practical inquiry, d: social communication, e: rational decision making, f: creative presentation, g: impact assessment, ^α: Cronbach’s alpha coefficient.

Reliability and Validity of the SSC Scales

To determine the reliability and validity of the SSC scales, the research employed the use of the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient and factor analysis. The internal consistency of the SSC scales was measured using the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient, which is a widely accepted method in the examination of the reliability of measurement tools (Kaplan, 2009). According to the accepted standards, a Cronbach’s Alpha value above 0.7 is considered acceptable, while a value of 0.8 or above is considered good, and a value of 0.9 or higher is considered preferable (Kline, 2011).

EFA was conducted to verify the validity and factor structure, and Cronbach’s alpha showed high reliability (α = 0.963). The reliability and validity of the SSC Scale were evaluated in this study. Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient was used to assess reliability (Kline, 2011), with an overall score of 0.963 indicating high internal consistency and stability. The individual dimensions of the SSC Scale also exhibited good reliability, with each criterion having a score ranging from 0.842 to 0.845. In addition, the study evaluated the construct validity of the SSCs through EFA and a literature review. The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett’s test showed that the scale was suitable for factor analysis (KMO value of 0.980 > 0.9 and p < 0.001). The factor analysis results showed that 7 common factors accounted for a cumulative variance contribution rate of 62.708%, with factor loadings ranging from 0.523 to 0.726. The results indicated that the SSCs had a relatively high construct validity and were suitable for factor analysis. Expert appraisal was also conducted to confirm the content validity of the SSCs.

CFA was conducted on the SSCs, revealing sound factor structure and validity across different schools (Table 2). The majority of items, dimensions, and estimates had values greater than 0.6, with good internal consistency and validity demonstrated by a composite reliability (CR) greater than 0.7 and average variance extracted (AVE) nearly 0.5 (Bahkia et al., 2022; Tarhini et al., 2014). The factor loadings ranged from 0.579 to 0.743, indicating good discriminate validity (Claes Fornell & Larcker, 1981). Residual error was below 0.7, indicating no relationship between the independent variable. The model fit was sufficient according to recommended criteria, despite a significant chi-square, due to a sample size of over 300 (Bavolar & Bacikova-Sleskova, 2020; Hu & Bentler, 1999).

Table 2.

Reliability and Convergent Validity of SSCs, CFA.

Dimension	Item	Significant test parameters			Item stability		Composite reliability	Convergence validity
Dimension	Item	Factor loading	Standard error	Factor loading/Standard error	p-value	R-square	Composite reliability (CR)	Average variance extracted (AVE)
A	A1	0.717	0.022	32.102	<0.001	0.513	0.848	0.482
	A2	0.714	0.023	31.657	<0.001	0.509
	A3	0.644	0.026	24.592	<0.001	0.415
	A4	0.681	0.024	28.283	<0.001	0.464
	A5	0.721	0.022	33.152	<0.001	0.519
	A6	0.684	0.024	28.729	<0.001	0.468
B	B1	0.579	0.029	20.271	<0.001	0.336	0.751	0.431
	B2	0.683	0.023	29.323	<0.001	0.467
	B3	0.685	0.022	30.564	<0.001	0.469
	B4	0.673	0.023	28.992	<0.001	0.453
C	C1	0.670	0.024	28.269	<0.001	0.450	0.760	0.442
	C2	0.620	0.026	23.840	<0.001	0.384
	C3	0.675	0.024	27.922	<0.001	0.455
	C4	0.692	0.023	30.406	<0.001	0.478
D	D1	0.620	0.027	23.048	<0.001	0.384	0.711	0.452
	D2	0.691	0.024	28.974	<0.001	0.478
	D3	0.702	0.024	28.842	<0.001	0.492
E	E1	0.682	0.024	28.599	<0.001	0.465	0.791	0.431
	E2	0.638	0.026	24.968	<0.001	0.408
	E3	0.612	0.027	22.582	<0.001	0.374
	E4	0.691	0.023	30.568	<0.001	0.478
	E5	0.658	0.025	26.523	<0.001	0.434
F	F1	0.718	0.022	32.899	<0.001	0.516	0.799	0.498
	F2	0.688	0.024	29.006	<0.001	0.473
	F3	0.693	0.023	30.475	<0.001	0.480
	F4	0.723	0.021	34.204	<0.001	0.523
G	G1	0.613	0.028	22.059	<0.001	0.375	0.853	0.492
	G2	0.735	0.021	35.183	<0.001	0.540
	G3	0.686	0.024	28.871	<0.001	0.470
	G4	0.698	0.023	30.249	<0.001	0.487
	G5	0.724	0.022	33.265	<0.001	0.523
	G6	0.743	0.021	35.823	<0.001	0.552

A: psychological cognition, B: situated learning, C: practical inquiry, D: social communication, E: rational decision making, F: creative presentation, G: impact assessment.

Discriminant validity is checked using the Fornell–Larcker criterion (Claes Fornell & Larcker, 1981). The model test results in Table 3 indicate a good fit for the SSCs with a chi-square value of 1252.115, ratio of χ2/df at 2.826, and p < 0.001, meeting the criteria for model adaptation. The SSCs show high internal consistency and stability, confirmed by high Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and factor analysis results. The CFA also supports the validity of the SSCs with good discriminant and convergent validity. Therefore, the SSCs can be considered a reliable and valid tool for measuring the seven dimensions of soft skills.

Table 3.

Model fit Criteria for CFA.

	χ²	df	χ²/df	TLI	CFI	BIC	AIC	SRMR	RMSEA
First-order	1252	443	2.8	0.91	0.92	70,677	70,170	0.035	0.057
Second-order	1309	457	2.9	0.91	0.92	70,645	70,199	0.035	0.058

The results of the analysis support the reliability and validity of the SSCs measurement model, and its ability to measure the desired constructs. These findings suggest that SSCs can be used as a reliable and valid tool for assessing the competencies of students in different school settings (Table 3 & Table 4)). The good reliability and validity of SSCs provides confidence in the results of any research studies that use this tool and contributes to the trustworthiness of the findings. The use of SSCs as a measuring tool can help educators and researchers understand the development and improvement of students' competencies, which can inform the design and implementation of effective educational programs and policies.

Table 4.

The Elements and Factors That Constitute SSC, EFA.

Criteria and items	Extracted communities	Factor loading
1: Psychological cognition
I creatively solve problems by questioning, designing, researching, and utilizing daily resources	0.659	0.717
In challenges, I find ways and seek help, with confidence to never give up	0.550	0.714
I combine subjects, solve problems, build links, learn independently	0.658	0.644
I crave curiosity, creation, and innovation to design and build new and complex things	0.601	0.681
Despite criticism, I persevere and defend my ideas, believing in myself	0.616	0.721
Facing difficulties, I’ll adapt my plan, refine my program, and solve problems flexibly	0.570	0.684
2: Situated learning
I solve problems using scientific inquiry: Question, plan, experiment, collect, analyze, evaluate and communicate	0.703	0.579
I like programming and creative design with software	0.680	0.683
I creatively plan and program events	0.679	0.685
I’ll use customer needs and creativity for iterative design, testing, and fabrication of practical solutions	0.672	0.673
3: Practical inquiry
I persist through project challenges, experiment iteratively, and persevere despite setbacks	0.665	0.670
I am proficient in tool safety regulations and adeptly choose suitable tools for problem-solving	0.619	0.620
I manage projects with team, communicate, coordinate and resolve conflicts	0.582	0.675
I enjoy self-expression through creative projects as a hobby	0.604	0.692
4: Social communication
My team and I will take responsibility for the social impact of the project and reflect on its role in society	0.564	0.620
I empathize with others and solve problems from their perspective, help team members, and work collaboratively	0.627	0.691
I’ll create marketing plans, persuade customers and generate demand to increase team sales	0.654	0.702
5: Rational decision making
I gather, graph, and scrutinize data trends, utilizing my mathematical expertise	0.713	0.682
I use math to solve project problems with equations and inequalities	0.635	0.638
I evaluate various aspects (social, cultural, artistic, scientific, tech, policy, economic, ethical) for analysis	0.686	0.612
I’ll assess risks, minimize injuries/losses to ensure safety	0.643	0.691
I’ll use resources wisely, reuse and recycle materials, and transform waste to prevent resource waste	0.726	0.658
6: Creative presentation
I’ll creatively present teamwork results and processes with engaging elements to enhance project delivery	0.534	0.718
I value the external aesthetics of the work’s design	0.676	0.688
I’ll incorporate humanistic, artistic, and social elements to enhance the project’s esthetic appeal	0.580	0.693
I am passionate about versatile visual art and impactful visuals	0.596	0.723
7: Impact assessment
I’ll document my learning process through photos or videos, create compositions or diaries to capture memorable moments, and reflect on weaknesses to improve	0.674	0.613
I’ll explore science, math, Chinese, IT, fine arts, and labor, as these activities spark my interest	0.610	0.735
I like hands-on projects and exploration and want to continue doing them	0.523	0.686
I enjoy STEAM and maker education activities	0.586	0.698
I am interested in pursuing a career related to STEAM education	0.596	0.724
I will consider project’s impact, prioritize ecological protection, and minimize pollution	0.585	0.743

The study employed path analysis to examine the interrelationships among various factors, as presented in Figure 2 and Table 5. The findings revealed notable positive correlations among psychological cognition, situated learning, and practical inquiry. Further, social communication had a direct positive impact on creative presentation and impact assessment, while rational decision making had a direct positive influence on creative presentation and impact assessment. Additionally, psychological cognition, situated learning, and practical inquiry demonstrated positive effects on rational decision making.

Figure 2.

Path analysis examining the STEAM competence of students.

Table 5.

Hypothesis Analysis of Model Fit; the Relationships Are Significant, if p-Value < 0.001.

Dependent variables (DV)	Independent variables (IV)	Factor loading	Standard error	Factor loading/Standard error	p-value
Social communication	Psychological cognition	0.291	0.039	7.6	<0.001
	Situated learning	0.282	0.035	8.1	<0.001
	Practical inquiry	0.259	0.036	7.2	<0.001
	Rational decision making	0.122	0.034	3.6	<0.001
Rational decision making	Psychological cognition	0.360	0.032	11.2	<0.001
	Situated learning	0.222	0.030	7.4	<0.001
	Practical inquiry	0.325	0.030	10.7	<0.001
Creative presentation	Social communication	0.217	0.024	8.93	<0.001
	Rational decision making	0.314	0.026	12.0	<0.001
	Situated learning	0.407	0.028	14.5	<0.001
Impact assessment	Social communication	0.255	0.023	11.0	<0.001
	Rational decision making	0.291	0.026	11.4	<0.001
	Situated learning	0.093	0.028	3.3	<0.001
	Creative presentation	0.288	0.028	10.4	<0.001

Discussion

Implications of the findings

According to Whitehead’s statement, "Culture is an activity of thought, we should aim to cultivate both culture and expert knowledge in some profession" (Whitehead, 1959). The measurement model for SSC integrates culture, arts, and STEAM knowledge. The model emphasizes the process of cultivating SSC, with explicit focus on experience, thinking, and knowledge. Whitehead’s educational process, which is like Dewey’s learning by doing theory, stresses the importance of the process or experience of learning speculation (Warde, 1960). Cultivating SSC requires appreciation of the experiences and process of learning (Blasius, 1997). Therefore, the aim of this research is to construct a measurement model for SSC.

Firstly, the measurement model of SSC was examined through reliability and validity tests, correlation analysis, an analytic hierarchy model, EFA (Tsai et al., 2019, 2021), and CFA (Rice et al., 2015; Wannapiroon & Pimdee, 2022). The model shows good reliability and validity, indicating that it can be successfully applied in practice to evaluate students' development (Edwards & Baglioni Jr, 1993Edwards & Baglioni, 1993). The dimensions, criteria, and items are suitable and reliable for testing students (Hsu et al., 2022).

Secondly, path analysis confirmed the relationship between the three dimensions and seven criteria of SSCs, particularly in practical cognition. This serves as a basis for interpersonal interaction and comprehensive influence. These relationships were affirmed through empirical analysis, validating the theoretical model and hypothesis. Schools must prioritize STEAM competence given its importance for students' development and high-quality curriculum (Quigley et al., 2020). Teacher awareness is critical in promoting STEAM competence, and programs should be launched to create an educational environment that supports it (Harris & De Bruin, 2018). Policymakers, researchers, and educators must encourage and provide financial assistance.

Finally, this study constructed a measurement model to assess SSC and examines the reliability and validity of the SSCs using different samples. STEAM education has positive benefits, such as improved math and science scores through the infusion of arts into STEM programs (White & Delaney, 2021). Infusing arts into math education can improve engagement and achievement (Hunter-Doniger, 2018). This model can provide a practical measurement tool for educators, who should focus on the long-term development of students and building a good relationship between education and the real world to promote a comprehensive understanding of the world.

Future recommendation

Based on the findings of the study, some future recommendations can be made.

Firstly, it is recommended to expand the sample size in future studies as a larger sample size can improve the reliability and validity of the STEAM literacy assessment scale and model.

Secondly, it is important to keep updating the assessment scale and model to keep up with the changing demands of STEAM education. Regular reviews and revisions of the assessment will ensure its relevance and validity.

Thirdly, it is recommended to promote the use of the STEAM literacy assessment scale and model in policy-making decisions regarding STEAM education. The assessment could be used to inform the development of curriculum and instructional strategies that focus on enhancing students' STEAM literacy skills.

Conclusion

The measurement of SSC is a multifaceted approach that blends culture, arts, and knowledge to cultivate SSC. This approach resonates with Dewey’s concept of progressive education that emphasizes hands-on learning. The reliability and validity of the measurement model were confirmed through path analysis, validating its ability to evaluate student growth. The study underscores the significance of teachers in enhancing SSC. However, the study’s scope is limited by a small sample size and the difficulty in generalizing findings to other schools and cultures. Future research utilizing mixed-methods and larger sample sizes is needed to strengthen the model’s applicability.

Supplemental Material

Supplemental Material - Assessing the Psychometric Properties of STEAM Competence in Primary School Students: A Construct Measurement Study

Supplemental Material for Assessing the Psychometric Properties of STEAM Competence in Primary School Students: A Construct Measurement Study by Shan Chen and Yuanzhao Ding in Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

ORCID iD

Yuanzhao Ding

Supplemental Material

Supplemental material for this article is available online.

References

Allina

(2018). The development of STEAM educational policy to promote student creativity and social empowerment. Arts Education Policy Review, 119(2), 77–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10632913.2017.1296392

Anwaruddin

S. M.

(2013). Neoliberal universities and the education of arts, humanities and social sciences in Bangladesh. Policy Futures in Education, 11(4), 364–374. https://doi.org/10.2304/pfie.2013.11.4.364

Bahkia

A. S.

Awang

Rahman

Nawal

Rahlin

N. A.

Afthanorhan

(2021). An explicit investigation of occupational stress and safety behavior on the relationships between supportive leadership and safety compliance in sewerage industry. Linguistics and Culture Review, 6(S1), 146–168. https://doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v6ns1.1987

Barber

Adams

Williams

(2017). STEAM into Literacy: Teachers Need More Time and Students Need More Opportunity for STEAM. In Resta

Smith

(Eds.), Proceedings of Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 1265–1270). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).

Bavolar

Bacikova-Sleskova

(2020). psychological protective factors mediate the relationship between decision-making styles and mental health. Current Psychology, 39(4), 1277–1286, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9831-9

Bequette

J. W.

Bequette

M. B.

(2012). A place for art and design education in the STEM conversation. Art Education, 65(2), 40–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2012.11519167

Blasius

F. R.

(1997). Alfred North Whitehead’s informal philosophy of education. Studies in Philosophy and Education, 16(3), 303–315. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1004930032195

Conner

L. D. C.

Tzou

Tsurusaki

B. K.

Guthrie

Pompea

Teal-Sullivan

(2017). Designing STEAM for broad participation in science. Creative Education, 08(14), 2222–2231. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2017.814152

Daugherty

M. K.

(2013). The prospect of an “A” in STEM education. Journal of STEM Education: Innovations and Research, 14(2).

10.

Edwards

J. R.

Baglioni

A. J.

Jr (1993). The measurement of coping with stress: Construct validity of the ways of coping checklist and the cybernetic coping scale. Work & Stress, 7(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678379308257047

11.

Fornell

Larcker

D. F.

(1981a). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104

12.

Fornell

Larcker

D. F.

(1981b). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Sage Publications.

13.

Gadsden

V. L.

(2008). The arts and education: Knowledge generation, pedagogy, and the discourse of learning. Review of Research in Education, 32(1), 29–61. https://doi.org/10.3102/0091732x07309691

14.

Ganti

(2020). Correlation coefficient. Corporate FinanceAccount, 9(1), 145–152.

15.

Green

S. L.

(2014). STEM education: How to train 21st century teachers. Nova Publishers.

16.

Gross

(2016). Transformation: Constructivism, design thinking, and elementary STEAM. Art Education, 69(6), 36–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2016.1224869

17.

Harris

de Bruin

(2017). STEAM Education: Fostering creativity in and beyond secondary schools. Australian Art Education, 38(1), 54–75.

18.

Harris

De Bruin

L. R.

(2018). Secondary school creativity, teacher practice and STEAM education: An international study. Journal of Educational Change, 19(2), 153–179. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10833-017-9311-2

19.

Herro

Quigley

Andrews

Delacruz

(2017). Co-measure: Developing an assessment for student collaboration in STEAM activities. International Journal of STEM Education, 4(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-017-0094-z

20.

Hsu

T.-C.

Chang

Y.-S.

Chen

M.-S.

Tsai

I. F.

C.-Y.

(2022). A validity and reliability study of the formative model for the indicators of STEAM education creations. Education and Information Technologies, (1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-022-11412-x

21.

L.-t.

Bentler

(1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118

22.

Hunter-Doniger

(2018). Art infusion: Ideal conditions for STEAM. Art Education, 71(2), 22–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2018.1414534

23.

Kanematsu

Barry

D. M.

(2016). Creativity and its importance for education. In STEM and ICT education in intelligent environments (pp. 3–7). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19234-5_1

24.

Kaplan

(2009). Structural equation modeling: Foundations and extensions (2nd ed). Sage.

25.

Katz-Buonincontro

(2018). Gathering STE (A) M: Policy, curricular, and programmatic developments in arts-based science, technology, engineering, and mathematics education introduction to the special issue of arts education policy review: STEAM focus. Taylor & Francis.

26.

Khine

M. S.

Areepattamannil

(2019). STEAM education : Theory and practice. http://link.springer.com/openurl?genre=book&isbn=978-3-030-04003-1

27.

Kim

M. J.

Moon

D. Y.

(2016). The effect of invention-based STEAM education program on STEAM literacy of the gifted in invention of elementary school. Journal of Korean Practical Arts Education, 29(3), 77. https://doi.org/10.20954/jkpae.2016.09.29.3.77

28.

Kline

R. B.

(2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.

29.

Klinke

Mihoci

Härdle

(2010). Exploratory factor analysis in MPlus, R and SPSS. Invited paper ICOTS8 of the International Association of Statistical Education.

30.

Land

M. H.

(2013). Full STEAM ahead: The benefits of integrating the arts into STEM. PROCS Procedia Computer Science, 20(1), 547–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2013.09.317

31.

Lin

C.-L.

Tsai

C.-Y.

(2021). The effect of a pedagogical STEAM model on students’ project competence and learning motivation. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 30(1), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-020-09885-x

32.

Littledyke

(2008). Science education for environmental awareness: Approaches to integrating cognitive and affective domains. Environmental Education Research, 14(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620701843301

33.

Park

H. S.

Dailey

Lemus

(2002). The use of exploratory factor analysis and principal components analysis in communication research. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 562–577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00824.x

34.

Payton

F. C.

White

Mullins

(2017). STEM majors, art thinkers (STEM + arts)--issues of duality, rigor and inclusion. Journal of STEM Education, 18(3), 39.

35.

Quigley

C. F.

Herro

King

Plank

(2020). STEAM designed and enacted: Understanding the process of design and implementation of STEAM curriculum in an elementary school. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 29(4), 499–518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-020-09832-w

36.

Rice

S. M.

Aucote

H. M.

Möller-Leimkühler

A. M.

Amminger

G. P.

(2017). Confirmatory factor analysis of the gotland male depression scale in an Australian community sample. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 33(3), 190–195. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000287

37.

Shek

D. T. L.

Lin

(2013). Qualitative evaluation of the project P.A.T.H.S.: Narrative findings based on focus groups with participating students. In Shek

D. T. L.

Sun

R. C. F.

(Eds.), Development and evaluation of positive adolescent training through holistic social programs (P.A.T.H.S.) Quality of life in Asia 3 (pp. 165–177). Springer Publisher.

38.

Shek

D. T. L.

(2013). Evaluation of the project P.A.T.H.S. Using multiple evaluation strategies. In Shek

D. T. L.

Sun

R. C. F.

(Eds.), Development and evaluation of positive adolescent training through holistic social programs (P.A. T. H.S.), Quality of life in Asia 3 (pp. 53–67). Springer Publisher.

39.

Snow

C. P.

(1960). The two cultures and the scientific revolution. At the Univ. Press.

40.

Sophian

Tian

G. Y.

Taylor

Rudlin

(2003). A feature extraction technique based on principal component analysis for pulsed Eddy current NDT. NDT & e International, 36(1), 37–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0963-8695(02)00069-5

41.

Tarhini

Hone

Liu

(2014). Measuring the moderating effect of gender and age on e-learning acceptance in England: A structural equation modeling approach for an extended technology acceptance model. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 51(2), 163–184. https://doi.org/10.2190/ec.51.2.b

42.

Tsai

M.-J.

Wang

C.-Y.

Hsu

P.-F.

(2019). Developing the computer programming self-efficacy scale for computer literacy education. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 56(8), 1345–1360. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633117746747

43.

Tsai

M.-J.

Wang

C.-Y.

A.-H.

Hsiao

C.-Y.

(2021). The development and validation of the robotics learning self-efficacy scale (RLSES). Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(6), 1056–1074. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633121992594

44.

Valerio

(2014). Attrition in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) education: Data and analysis. Nova Science Pub Inc.

45.

Wannapiroon

Pimdee

(2022). Thai undergraduate science, technology, engineering, arts, and math (STEAM) creative thinking and innovation skill development: A conceptual model using a digital virtual classroom learning environment. Education and Information Technologies, 27(4), 5689–5716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10849-w

46.

Warde

W. F.

(1960). John Dewey’s theories of education. International Socialist Review, 21(1), 54–61.

47.

White

Delaney

(2021). Full STEAM ahead, but who has the map for integration?--A PRISMA systematic review on the incorporation of interdisciplinary learning into schools. LUMAT: International Journal on Math, Science and Technology Education, 9(2), 9–32. https://doi.org/10.31129/LUMAT.9.2.1387

48.

Whitehead

A. N.

(1959). The aims of education. Daedalus, 88(1), 192–205.

49.

Wynn

Harris

(2012). Toward A stem + arts curriculum: Creating the teacher team. Art Education, 65(5), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/00043125.2012.11519191

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.46 MB