The objective of the present study was to develop and assess the validity of a short form of the Child–Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS). Two Portuguese samples composed of 756 adolescents were used to cross-validate the factorial structure of a nine-item Child–Adolescent Perfectionism Scale—Short Form (CAPS–SF). The CAPS–SF consists of a four-item self-oriented perfectionism subscale and a five-item socially prescribed perfectionism subscale. Both subscales demonstrated adequate internal consistency. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the CAPS–SF supported the same two-factor structure and represented a very good fit to the data for both groups. Other analyses found that the brief measure of socially prescribed perfectionism was associated with measures of distress and forms of self-criticism. The CAPS–SF appears to represent a reliable and valid alternative to the original CAPS. Overall, the CAPS-SF is considerably briefer than the original CAPS and it offers an economical and valid alternative when measuring perfectionism in children and adolescents.
AffruntiN. W.Woodruff-BordenJ. (2014). Perfectionism in pediatric anxiety and depressive disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17, 299-317. doi:10.1007/s10567-014-0164-4
2.
BentoC.PereiraA. T.RoqueC.SaraivaJ. M. T.MacedoESantosA. J. F. (2017). Longitudinal effects of an intervention on perfectionism in adolescents. Psicothema, 29, 317-322. doi:10.7334/psicothema2016.223
3.
BentoC.PereiraA. T.SaraivaJ. M.MacedoA. (2014). Children and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale: Validation in a Portuguese adolescent sample. Psicologia: Reflexao e Critica, 27, 228-232. doi:10.1590/1678-7153.201427203
4.
BlanksteinK. R.LumleyC. H.CrawfordA. (2007). Perfectionism, hopelessness, and suicide ideation: Revisions to diathesis-stress and specific vulnerability models. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 25, 279-319. doi:10.1007/s10942-007-0053-6
5.
BurgessA. M.FrostR. O.DiBartoloP. M. (2016). Development and validation of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale–Brief. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34, 620-633. doi:10.1177/0734282916651359
6.
ByrneB. M. (2013). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. London, England: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203805534
7.
CastilhoP.GouveiaJ. P. (2011). Auto-Compaixão: Estudo da validação da versão portuguesa da Escala da Auto-Compaixão e da sua relação com as experiências adversas na infância, a comparação social e a psicopatologia [Self-Compassion: Study of the Validation of the Portuguese Version of the Self-Compassion Scale and its Relationship to Adverse Childhood Experiences, Social Comparison and Psychopathology]. Psychologica: Avaliação Psicológica em Contexto Clínico [Psychologica: Psychological Assessment in a Clinical Context], 54, 203-230.
8.
ChenC.HewittP. L.FlettG. L. (2015). Preoccupied attachment, need to belong, shame, and interpersonal perfectionism: An investigation of the Perfectionism Social Disconnection Model. Personality and Individual Differences, 76, 177-182. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.001
9.
CunhaM.XavierA. M.deJ.CherpeS.GouveiaJ. P. (2017). Avaliação da vergonha em adolescentes: “The Other as Shamer Scale [Teen shame rating: The Other as Shamer Scale].” Psicologia: Teoria e Pesquisa [Psychology: Theory and Research], 33, e3336. doi:10.1590/0102.3772e3336
10.
DonachieT. C.HillA. P.HallH. K. (2018). The relationship between multidimensional perfectionism and pre-competition emotions of youth footballers. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 37, 33-42. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.04.002
11.
FlettG. L.HewittP. L. (2014). A proposed framework for preventing perfectionism and promoting resilience and mental health among vulnerable children and adolescents. Psychology in the Schools, 51, 899-912. doi:10.1002/pits.21792
12.
FlettG. L.HewittP. L.BesserA.SuC.VaillancourtT.BoucherD.. . . GaleO. (2016). The Child–Adolescent Perfectionism Scale: Development, psychometric properties, and associations with stress, distress, and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 34, 634-652. doi:10.1177/0734282916651381
13.
FrostR. O.MartenP.LahartC.RosenblateR. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 449-468. doi:10.1007/BF01172967
14.
GilbertP.ClarkeM.HempelS.MilesJ. N. V.IronsC. (2004). Criticizing and reassuring oneself: An exploration of forms, styles and reasons in female students. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 31-50.
15.
GossK.GilbertP.AllanS. (1994). An exploration of shame measures—I: The other as Shamer Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 713-717. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90149-X
16.
HairJ. F.Jr.BlackW. C.BabinB. J.AndersonR. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Education.
17.
HewittP. L.CaelianF.FlettG. L.SherryS.B.CollinsL.FlynnC. A. (2002). Perfectionism in children: Associations with depression, anxiety, and anger. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 1049-1061. doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00109-X
18.
HewittP. L.FlettG. L.EdigerE. (1996). Perfectionism and depression: Longitudinal assessment of a specific vulnerability hypothesis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 276-280. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.105.2.276
19.
HewittP. L.FlettG. L.Turnbull-DonovanW.MikailS. (1991). The Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale: Reliability, validity, and psychometric properties in psychiatric samples. Psychological Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3, 464-468.
HuL.BentlerP. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453. 10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424
Kenney-BensonG. A.PomerantzE. M. (2005). The role of mothers’ use of control in children’s perfectionism: Implications for the development of children’s depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality, 73, 23-46. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2004.00303.x
24.
KlineR. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
25.
LovibondP. F.LovibondS. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335-343. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
26.
MacedoA.SoaresM. J.AzevedoM. H.GomesA.PereiraA. T.MaiaB.PatoM. (2007). Perfectionism and eating attitudes in Portuguese university students. European Eating Disorders Review, 15, 296-304. doi:10.1002/erv.735
27.
McCrearyB. T.JoinerT. E.SchmidtN. B.IalongoN. S. (2004). The structure and correlates of perfectionism in African American children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 33, 313-324. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_13
28.
McVeyG. L.PeplerD.DavisR.FlettG. L.AbdolellM. (2002). Risk and protective factors associated with disordered eating during early adolescence. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 75-95. doi:10.1177/0272431602022001004
29.
MinarikM. L.AhrensA. H. (1996). Relations of eating behavior and symptoms of depression and anxiety to the dimensions of perfectionism among undergraduate women. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 155-169. doi:10.1007/BF02228032
30.
NobleC. M.GnilkaP. B.AshbyJ. S.McLaulinS. E. (2017). Perfectionism, shame, and trichotillomania symptoms in clinical and nonclinical samples. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 39, 335-350. doi:10.17744/mehc.39.4.05
31.
NunnallyJ. C.BernsteinI. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill, Inc.
32.
O’ConnorR. C.DixonD.RasmussenS. (2009). The structure and temporal stability of the Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale. Psychological Assessment, 21, 437-443. doi:10.1037/a0016264
33.
RibeiroJ. L. P.HonradoA. A. J. D.LealI. P. (2004). Psicologia, Saúde & Doenças [Psychology, Health & Diseases]. Sociedade Portuguesa de Psicologia da Saúde [Portuguese Society of Health Psychology]. Retrieved from http://repositorio.ispa.pt/handle/10400.12/1058E
34.
SalingM.RicciardelliL. A.McCabeM. P. (2005). A prospective study of individual factors in the development of weight and muscle concerns among preadolescent children. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 651-661. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-8953-1
35.
SironicA.ReeveR. A. (2015). A combined analysis of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS), Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale (CAPS), and Almost Perfect Scale—Revised (APS-R): Different perfectionist profiles in adolescent high school students. Psychological Assessment, 27, 1471-1483. doi:10.1037/pas0000137
36.
StöberJ.JoormannJ. (2001). A short form of the worry domains questionnaire: Construction and factorial validation. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 591-598. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00163-X
37.
StoeberJ.JanssenD. P. (2011). Perfectionism and coping with daily failures: Positive reframing helps achieve satisfaction at the end of the day. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24, 477-497. doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.562977
38.
StoeberJ.OttoK.BardiA.Giner-SorollaR.Hamilton-WestK.Joor-MannJ.. . .WeickM. (2006). Positive conceptions of perfectionism: Approaches, evidence, challenges. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 295-319. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr1004
39.
TeixeiraM. D.PereiraA. T.MarquesM. V.SaraivaJ. M.MacedoA. F. (2016). Eating behaviors, body image, perfectionism, and self-esteem in a sample of Portuguese girls. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 38, 135-140. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1723
40.
WidamanK. F.LittleT. D.PreacherK. J.SawalaniG. M. (2011). On creating and using short forms of scales in secondary research. In TrzesniewskiK. H.DonnellanM. B.LucasR. E. (Eds.), Secondary data analysis: An introduction for psychologists (pp. 39-61). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/12350-003
