In a six-wave longitudinal study with two cohorts (660 adolescents and 630 young adults), this study investigated the longitudinal stability of the Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) using the Trait-State-Occasion (TSO) model. The results revealed that the full TSO model was the best fitting representation of the depression measured by the BDI-II for both cohorts. It was found that the trait components explained more than 50% of the state variance of the BDI-II scores in both cohorts, and the occasion-specific factor explained about 7% to 12% of variances. The occasion-specific variance was more stable (occasion stability) and somewhat higher in the younger cohort. Implications regarding the longitudinal stability of the BDI-II measure are discussed.
AlexopoulosG. S.BuckwalterK.OlinJ.MartinezR.WainscottC.KrishnanK. R. (2002). Comorbidity of late life depression: An opportunity for research on mechanisms and treatment. Biological Psychiatry, 52, 543-558. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01468-3
2.
Al-MusawiN. M. (2001). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II with university students in Bahrain. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 568-579. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA7703_13
3.
ArnettJ. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55, 469-480. doi:10.1037//0003-066X.55.5.469
4.
BandalosD. L. (2002). The effects of item parceling on goodness-of-fit and parameter estimate bias in structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 78-102. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0901_5
BentlerP. M. (2008). EQS 6.2 for Windows structural equations program manual. Encino, CA: Multivariate Software.
7.
BrendgenM.WannerB.MorinA. J.VitaroF. (2005). Relations with parents and with peers, temperament and trajectories of depressed mood during early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33, 579-594. doi:10.1007/s10802-005-6739-2
8.
BrowneM. W.CudeckR. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In BollenK. A.LongJ. S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 445-455). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
9.
ByrneB. M.ShavelsonR. J.MuthenB. (1989). Testing for the equivalence of factor covariance and mean structures: The issue of partial measurement invariance. Psychological Bulletin, 105, 456-466.
10.
ByrneB. M.StewartS. M.LeeP. W. H. (2004). Validating the Beck Depression Inventory II for Hong Kong community adolescents. International Journal of Testing, 4, 199-216. doi:10.1207/s15327574ijt0403_1
11.
CacioppoJ. T.HughesM. E.WaiteL. J.HawkleyL. C.ThistedR. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21, 140-151. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140
12.
ChenF. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 464-504. doi:10.1080/10705510701301834
13.
CheungG. W.RensvoldR. B. (2001). The effects of model parsimony and sampling error on the fit of structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 4, 236-264. doi:10.1177/109442810143004
14.
CieslaJ. A.ColeD. A.SteigerJ. H. (2007). Extending the trait-state-occasion model: How important is within-wave measurement equivalence?Structural Equation Modeling, 14, 77-97. doi:10.1080/10705510709336737
15.
ColeD. A. (2012). Latent trait-state models. In HoyleR. (Ed.), Handbook for structural equation modeling (pp. 585-600). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
16.
ColeD. A.MartinN. C. (2005). The longitudinal structure of the Children’s Depression Inventory: Testing a latent trait-state model. Psychological Assessment, 17, 144-155. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.17.2.144
17.
ColeD. A.MartinN. C.SteigerJ. H. (2005). Empirical and conceptual problems with longitudinal trait-state models: Introducing a trait-state-occasion model. Psychological Methods, 10, 3-20. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.10.1.3
18.
ColeD. A.MaxwellS. E. (2009). Statistical methods for risk-outcome research: Being sensitive to longitudinal structure. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 71-96. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-060508-130357
19.
DumenciL.WindleM. (1996). A latent trait-state model of adolescent depression using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 31, 313-330. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3103_3
20.
EberhartN. K.HammenC. L. (2006). Interpersonal predictors of onset of depression during the transition to adulthood. Personal Relationships, 13, 195-206. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6811.2006.00113.x
21.
FergussonD. M.BodenJ. M.HorwoodL. J. (2007). Recurrence of major depression in adolescence and early adulthood, and later mental health, educational and economic outcomes. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191, 335-342. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.036079
22.
FraleyR. C.RobertsB. W. (2005). Patterns of continuity: A dynamic model for conceptualizing the stability of individual differences in psychological constructs across the life course. Psychological Review, 112, 60-74. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.60
23.
FraleyR. C.VicaryA. M.BrumbaughC. C.RoismanG. I. (2011). Patterns of stability in adult attachment: An empirical test of two models of continuity and change. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 974-992. doi:10.1037/a0024150
24.
GhassemzadehH.MojtabaiR.KaramghadiriN.EbrahimkhaniN. (2005). Psychometric properties of a Persian-language version of the Beck Depression Inventory–Second edition: BDI-II-PERSIAN. Depress Anxiety, 21, 185-192. doi:10.1002/da.20070
25.
HattonH.DonnellanM. B.MaysnK.FeldmanB. J.Larsen-RifeD.CongerR. D. (2008). Family and individual difference predictors of trait aspects of negative interpersonal behaviors during emerging adulthood. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 448-455. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.22.3.448
26.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterization model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453.
27.
HuL. T.BentlerP. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118
28.
HuprichS. K.RobertsC. R. (2012). The two-week and five-week dependability and stability of the depressive personality disorder inventory and its association with current depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality of Assessment, 94, 205-209. doi:10.1080/00223891.2011.645930
29.
KennyD. A.ZautraA. (2001). Trait-state models for longitudinal data. In CollinsL. M.SayerA. G. (Eds.), New methods for the analysis of change (pp. 243-263). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
30.
KennyD. A.ZautraA. J. (1995). The trait-state-error model for multi-wave data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 52-59. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.63.1.52
31.
LaGrangeB.ColeD. A.JacquezF.CieslaJ.DallaireD.PinedaA.. . . FeltonJ. (2011). Disentangling the prospective relations between cognitive style and depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 511-527. doi:10.1037/a0024685
32.
LittleT. D.CunninghamW. A.ShaharG.WidamanK. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question and weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151-173. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_1
33.
LittleT. D.RhemtullaM.GibsonK.SchoemannA. M. (2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn’t be one. Psychological Methods, 18, 285-300. doi:10.1037/a0033266
34.
MeadeA. W.KroustalisC. M. (2006). Problems with item parceling for confirmatory factor analytic tests of measurement invariance. Organizational Research Methods, 9, 369-403. doi:10.1177/1094428105283384
35.
Naragon-GaineyK.GallagherM. W.BrownT. A. (2013). Stable “trait” variance of temperament as a predictor of the temporal course of depression and social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 122, 611-623. doi:10.1037/a0032997.
36.
ParadisA. D.ReinherzH. Z.GiaconiaR. M.FitzmauriceG. (2006). Major depression in the transition to adulthood: The impact of active and past depression on young adult functioning. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 318-323. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000217807.56978.5b
37.
PrenoveauJ. M. (in press). Specifying and interpreting latent state-trait models with autoregression: An illustration. Structural Equation Modeling.
38.
PrenoveauJ. M.CraskeM. G.ZinbargR. E.MinekaS.RoseR. D.GriffithJ. W. (2011). Are anxiety and depression just as stable as personality during late adolescence? Results from a three-year longitudinal latent variable study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120, 832-843. doi:10.1037/a0023939
39.
SatorraA.BentlerP. M. (2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66, 507-514. doi:10.1007/BF02296192
40.
SatorraA.BentlerP. M. (2010). Ensuring positiveness of the scaled chi-square test statistic. Psychometrika, 75, 243-248. doi:10.1007/s11336-009-9135-y
41.
SprinkleS. D.LurieD.InskoS. L.AtkinsonG.JonesG. L.LoganA. R.BissadaN. N. (2002). Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49, 381-385. doi:10.1037/0022-0167.49.3.381
42.
SteyerR.FerringD.SchmittM. J. (1992). States and traits in psychological assessment. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 8, 79-98.
43.
WuP.-C. (2010a). Differential functioning of the Chinese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II in adolescent gender groups: Use of a multiple-group mean and covariance structure model. Social Indicators Research, 96, 535-550. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-9491-0
44.
WuP.-C. (2010b). Measurement invariance and latent mean differences of the Beck Depression Inventory II across gender groups. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28, 551-563. doi:10.1007/s11205-009-949-0
45.
WuP.-C.HuangT. W. (2014). Gender-related invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory II for Taiwanese Adolescent Samples. Assessment, 21, 218-226. doi:10.1177/1073191112441243
