The 3R Process: (1) recovers fly ash and HCl from the flue gases; (2) removes heavy metals from the fly ash by extraction with HCl; (3) and returns a pelletized fly ash to the incinerator. Recoveries of about 90% of the Cd, 65% of the Zn and 20% of the Pb and Cu have been achieved in pilot tests. Full scale experiments proved the thermal decomposition of PCDD/PCDF. The 3R products meet the Swiss elution requirements.
Braun, H., Metzger, H. & Vogg, H. (1986), Zur Problematik der Quecksilberabscheidung aus Rauchgasen von Müllverbrennungsanlagen (On the problems of mercury separation from flue gases of municipal solid waste incinerators), Müll & Abfall, 18, 89-95.
2.
Lubecki, A. & Walk, H. (1986), SARRA-Schwermetallüberwachung mittels automatischer radionuklidangeregter Röntgenfluoreszenzanalyse (SARRA-monitoring of heavy metals by automatic radionuclide excited X-ray fluorescence analvsis), KfK report 4079.
3.
Merz, A., Horch, K., Schneider, J., Stieglitz, L., Vehlow, J. & Vogg, H. (1989), Thermal destruction of PCDD/PCDF-compounds by 3R product recycling into the solid incineration furnace. In International Conference on Municipal Waste Combustion, Hollywood, Florida, Proceedings ( Publishing Centre System and Services, Canada, ed.), Vol. 2, 7A/, pp. 37-49.
4.
Swiss Federal Department of the Interior ( 1988), Technical Decree on Wastes (TVA).
5.
Vehlow, J. & Vogg, H. (1987), Metals Extraction from Fly ash. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Municipal Waste Incineration , Montreal (Nitep , ed.), 381-392.
6.
Vehlow, J., Braun, H., Horch, K., Schneider, J., Stieglitz, L. & Vogg, H. (1989), Semi-Industrial Testing of the 3R Process (Heavy Metals Extraction, Product Quality). In International Conference on Municipal Waste Combustion, Hollywood, Florida , Proceedings (Publishing Centre System and Services, Canada, ed.), Vol. 2, 4B/, 11-23.
7.
Vogg, H. (1984), Verhalten von (Schwer-)Metallen bei der Verbrennung kommunaler Abfälle (Behaviour of (heavy) metals on incineration of municipal wastes), Chemie-Ingenieur-Technik, 56, 740-744.
8.
Vogg, H. (1987), Behavior of (heavy) metals in the incineration of municipal wastes, International Chemical Engineering, 27, 177-182.
9.
Vogg, H., Christmann, A. & Wiese, K. (1987), Das 3R-Verfahren, ein Baustein zur Schadstoffminderung bei der Abfallverbrennung (The 3R Process, a component for reduction of pollutants in waste incineration). In Recycling von Haushaltsabfällen (Thomé-Kozmiensky, K. J., ed.), Vol. 1, pp. 471-481. Berlin: EF-Verlag für Energie- und Umwelttechnik.
10.
Vogg, H. (1988), Von der Schadstoffquellle zur Schadstoffsenke—neue Konzepte der Müllverbrennung (From pollutant source to pollutant sink-Novel concepts of solid incineration), Chemi-Ingenieur-Technik, 60, 247-255.
