The paper examines the role of domestic waste landfills as anaerobic bioreactors for industrial wastes. Data are given for phenols, cyanides, acids and heavy metals. Partially saturated containment sites are amenable to analysis as reactors and appear to allow process control for environmentally sound co-disposal.
Barber, C., Maris, P.J. & Johnson, R.G. (1980), Behaviour of Wastes in Landfill Sites: Study of the Leaching of Selected Industrial Wastes in Large-Scale Test Cells. Edmonton, N. London. WLR Technical Note No. 69, Department of the Environment, U.K.
2.
Berrow, M.L. & Burridge, J.C. (1979), Sources and distribution of trace elements in soils and related crops. In Proceedings of the International Conference of Heavy Metals in the Environment , Imperial College, London, September, 304-311.
3.
Blakey, N.C. (1989), Progress report to the U.K. Department of the Environment. Water Research Centre . In preparation.
4.
Blakey, N.C. (1988), Co-disposal of hazardous waste in domestic waste landfills. In Proceedings of ISWA, Environment 1988, Amsterdam, September, 1988.
5.
Blakey, N.C. & Barber, C. (1980), Study of Landfill Disposal of Acid Tars and Phenol-Bearing Lime Sludges III. The Leaching of Phenol Applied to Columns of Aged Domestic Waste. WLR Technical Note No. 71, Department of the Environment , U.K.
6.
Blakey, N.C., Baxter, K.M., Fleet, M., Maris, P.J. & Towler, P.A. (1985), Progress report to the U.KDepartment of the Environment. Water Research Centre, Report No. 978-M.
7.
Blakey, N.C., Baxter, K.M., Fleet, M. & Towler, P.A. (1986), Progress report to the U.KDepartment of the Environment. Water Research Centre, Report No. 1251-M.
8.
Blakey, N.C. & Knox, K. (1978), The Biodegradation of Phenol Under Anaerobic Conditions by Organisms Present in Leachate from Domestic Refuse. Report of an investigation for the U.K. Department of the Environment. WLR Technical Note No. 63, Water Research Centre.
9.
Cameron, R.D. & Koch, F.A. (1980), Trace metals and anaerobic digestion of leachate . Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 52, 282-292.
10.
Campbell, D.J.V. (1983), Leachate Production from Domestic Refuse. Report No. G.2883. AEREHarwell, U.K.
11.
Dent, C.G., Scott, P.E., Baldwin, G., Checkley, C. & Sopp, C. (1988a), Treatment of Waste Acids Using the Neutralisation Capacity of Domestic Refuse and Coal-Derived Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA). Report No. AERE-G.4729, Harwell, U.K.
12.
Dent, C.G., Baldwin, G. & Pugh, M.P. (1988b), Recent research on co-disposal of chemical wastes with domestic waste. Proceedings of POLMET 1988, Hong Kong, Nov/Dec, Vol2,112-117.
13.
Eckenfelder, W.W. (1980), Principles of Water Quality Management. Boston, U.S.A.: CBI Publishing Co. Inc.
14.
Ehrig, H.J. (1988), Leachate quality and quantity-operation effects and duration. Proceedings of ISWA, Environment 1988, Amsterdam, September.
15.
Emberton, J.R. (1989), A report to the U.K. Department of the Environment . In preparation.
16.
Fedorak, P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. (1984), The effects of phenol and some alkyl phenolics on batch anaerobic methanogenesis. Water Research, 18, 361-367.
17.
Fedorak, P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. (1986a), Anaerobic treatment of phenolic coal conversion wastewater in semi-continuous cultures. Water Research, 20, 113-122.
18.
Fedorak, P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. (1986b), Nutrient requirements for the methanogenic degradation of phenol and p-cresol in anaerobic draw and feed cultures. Water Research, 20, 929-933.
19.
Fedorak, P.M. & Hrudey, S.E. (1989), Cyanide transformation in anaerobic phenol-degrading methanogenic cultures. Water Science Technology, 21, Brighton, 67-76.
20.
Fedorak, P.M., Knettig, E. & Hrudey, S.E. (1985), The effects of activated carbon on the methanogenic degradation of phenolics in H-coal wastewater. Environmental Technology Letters, 6, 181-188.
21.
Fedorak, P.M., Roberts, D.J. & Hrudey, S.E. (1986), The effects of cyanide on the methanogenic degradation of phenolic compounds. Water Research, 20, 1315-1320.
22.
Gould, J.P., Pohland, F.G. & Cross, W.H. (1989), Chemical controls on the fate of mercury and lead co-disposed with municipal solid waste. Water Science Technology , 21, Brighton, 833-843.
Ham, R.K. & Barlaz, M.A. (1987), Measurement and prediction of landfill gas quality and quantity. Proceedings of ISWA Sanitary Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Sardinia, October.
25.
Hashimoto, S. & Shui, Q.J. (1986), Treatment of phenolic wastes with an anaerobic circulation biofilter. Mizu Shori Gijutsu, 27, 391-405.
26.
Heasman, L.A., Netelbeek, J.A., Campbell, L.G., Young, P.J. & Rushbrook, P.E. (1985), The Development and Application of a Test to Measure the Buffering Capacity of Household Refuse to Industrial Waste Acids. Report No. R 11747. AEREHarwell, U.K.
27.
Hickey, R.F., Venderwielen, J. & Switzenbaum, M.S. (1989), The effect of heavy metals on methane production and hydrogen and carbon dioxide levels during batch anaerobic sludge digestion. Water Research, 23, 207-218.
28.
Howe, R.H.L. (1965), Bio-destruction of cyanide wastes-advantages and disadvantages. International Journal of Air Water Pollution , 9, 463-478.
29.
Hu, L.Z. & Shieh, W.K. (1987), Anoxic biofilm degradation of monocyclic aromatic compounds. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 30, 1077-1083.
30.
Jennings, A.A. (1983), Profiling hazardous waste generation for management planning. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 8, 69-83.
31.
Jones, C.J., McGugan, P.J., Smith, A.J. & Wright, S.J. (1978), Adsorption of some toxic substances by waste components . Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2, 219-225.
32.
Jones, L.W. & Malone, P.G. (1982), Disposal of treated and untreated electroplating waste in a simulated municipal landfill. U.S. EPA 8th Annual Research Symposium on Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste, EPA-600/9-82-002 , 294-314.
33.
Kinman, R.N., Rickabaugh, J.I., Walsh, J.J. & Vogt, W.G. (1982), Leachate from co-disposal of municipal and hazardous waste in landfill simulators. EPA 8th Annual Research Symposium on Land Disposal of Hazardous Wastes, EPA-600/9-82-002, 274-293.
34.
Knox, K. (1987), Practice and trends in landfill in the U.KISWA Sanitary Landfill Symposium, Cagliari , Sardinia, October.
35.
Knox, K. (1989), A Review of the Technical Aspects of Co-Disposal . A report to the Department of the Environment, U.K. Knox Associates.
36.
Knox, K., Newton, J.R. & Stiff, M.J. (1977), Study of Landfill Disposal of Acid Tars and Phenol-Bearing Lime Sludges II. Mathematical Model and Further Laboratory Studies. Report of an investigation for the Department of the Environment. WLR Technical Note No. 52, Department of the Environment , U.K.
37.
Lagas, P., Bom, C.M., 't Hart, M.J., de Kruijf, H.A.M. & Loch, J.P.G. (1981), Model experiments on the behaviours of cyanide and barium in a landfill and in the soil. Studies in Environmental Science, 17, Elsevier. Proceedings Symposium of the Quality of Groundwater, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands, March.
38.
Lewandowski, Z. (1984), Biological denitrification in the presence of cyanide. Water Research, 18, 289-297.
39.
MacNicol, R.D. & Beckett, P.H.T. (1989), The distribution of heavy metals between the principal components of digested sewage sludge. Water Research, 23, 199-206.
40.
Mosey, F. (1976), Assessment of the maximum concentrations of heavy metals in crude sewage which will not inhibit the anaerobic digestion of sludge . Water Pollution Control, 75, 10-20.
41.
Newton, J.R. (1977), Pilot-Scale Experiments on Leaching from Landfills. III Leaching of Hazardous Wastes. Report of an Investigation for the Department of the Environment. WLR Technical Note No. 51. Department of the Environment, U.K.
42.
Pohland, F.G., Gould, J.P., Ramsey, E. & Walters, D.C. (1982), The behaviour of heavy metals during landfill disposal of hazardous wastes. Proceedings of the U.S. EPA 8th Annual Research Symposium on Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste . EPA-600/9-82-002, 360-371.
43.
Rees, J.F. & King, J.W. (1981), The dynamics of anaerobic phenol biodegradation in Lower Greensand. Journal of Chemical Technology andBiotechnology , 31, 306-310.
44.
Roberts, J.M. (1983), Heavy Metals and the Restoration of Landfill Sites. MSc Thesis, University of Essex.
45.
Stevens, C. & Jenkins, D.K.W. (1982), Practical Implications of the Co-Disposal of Acid Wastes with Municipal Refuse. Report AERE-G.2448, Harwell, U.K.
46.
Stevens, C., Jenkins, D., Paice, C.C. & Wilson, D.C. (1981), Co-Disposal of Acid Wastes with Municipal Waste-Final Report. Report AERE-G.2123, Harwell, U.K.
47.
Stevens, C., Paice, C. & Jenkins, D. (1980), Co-Disposal of Sulphuric Acid Pickle Liquors with Mature Domestic Waste. Report AERE-G.1694, Harwell, U.K.
48.
Stiff, M.J., Young, C.P., Naylor, J. & Brown, B.L. (1976), The Behaviour of Hazardous Wastes in Landfill Sites: Investigation of a Site at Wharf Lane, Hammerwich, Staffs. WLR Technical Note No. 13, Department of the Environment, U.K.
49.
Tauchnitz, J., Mahrla, W., Hanrieder, M., Kiesel, G. & Hennig, H. (1984), Disposal of industrial waste products. 29. Example of thiocyanate formation in a dump. Zeitschrift für Angewardte Geologie, 30, 105-107.
50.
Watson-Craik, I.A. (1987), Landfill as an Anaerobic Filter for the Co-Disposal of Phenolic Wastewaters. PhD Thesis, University of Strathclyde .
51.
Yang, J. & Speece, R.E. (1985), Effects of engineering controls on methane fermentation toxicity response. Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 57, 1134-1141.
52.
Yang, J., Speece, R.E., Parkin, G.F., Gossett, J. & Kocher, W. (1981), The response of methane fermentation to cyanide and chloroform. Water Science and Technology, 13, 977-989.
53.
Young, L.Y. & Rivera, M.D. (1985), Methanogenic degradation of four phenol compounds . Water Research, 19, 1325-1332.
54.
Young, P.J., Baldwin, G. & Wilson, D.C. (1984), Attenuation of heavy metals within municipal waste landfill sites. ASTM 3rd Symposium: Hazardous and Industrial Waste Management and Testing, Philadelphia, 193-212.
