In nursery-bed studies, Douglas-fir, Sitka spruce, black cottonwood, and Lombardy poplar all grew well in sludge-amended media. Western hemlock and western redcedar survived poorly in aged sludge and did not appear to be good candidates for sludge applications. In most species, mixing sludge with soil provided a better growth media than sludge alone. Field studies with seedlings in cleared areas confirmed a poor survival and growth of western hemlock and western redcedar in sludge treatments. Additionally, weed competition and animal damage in cleared areas treated with sludge imposed large management costs on this option. Tree growth of cottonwoods and conifers, however, was encouraging. Applications to existing stands and plantations appears to be the most feasible management option. Growth responses in older stands were high and greater than those found for operational nitrogen fertilization in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. The duration of the growth response also appears to exceed those from commercial fertilizer applications.
Berry, C.R. (1977), Initial Response of Pine Seedlings and Weeds to Dried Sewage Sludge in Rehabilitation of an Eroded Forest Site, USDA Forest Service Research Note SE-249, 8 pp.
2.
Bledsoe, C.S. (1981), Composted Sludge as a Plant Growth Medium. In Municipal Sludge Application to Pacific Northwest Forest Lands (C. S. Bledsoe, Ed.). Institute of Forest Resources Contribution No. 41, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
3.
Bledsoe, C.S. & Zasoski, R.J. (1981), Seedling Physiology of Eight Tree Species Grown in Sludge-Amended Soils. In Municipal Sludge Application to Pacific Northwest Forest Lands (C. S. Bledsoe , Ed.). Institute of Forest Resources Contribution No. 41, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
4.
Dimitri, L. & Siebert, H. (1977), Gefassversuche mit Forstpflanzen zum Ausbringung von Klarschlamm auf Forstkulturflanzen (Pot Experiments with Forest Trees to Assess the Possibility of Using Sewage Sludge in Forest Plantations). Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift, 332, 973-976.
5.
Gagnon, J.D. (1973), Environmental Aspects of Sewage-Derived Fertilizers . In Forest Fertilization, USDA Forest Service General Technical Report NE-3. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
6.
Gouin, F.G. (1977), Conifer Tree Seedlings Respond to Nursery Soil Amended with Composted Sewage Sludge, HortScience, 12, 341-342.
7.
Huser, R. (1977), Untersuchungen zur Klarschlammverwertung im Wald. (The Application of Sewage Sludge in Forests). Forstwissenschaftiliches Centralblatt, 96, 238-235.
8.
Kenady, R.M. (1970), Survival and Growth of Tree Seedlings on Sludge Treated Areas. In Use of Dewatered Sludge as an Amendment for Forest Growth, Vol. 1 ( R. L. Edmonds & D. W. Cole, Eds). Center for Ecosystem Studies, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
9.
Peter, A.A., Jr (1981), Sludge Regulations: EPA's New Comprehensive Approach . In Municipal Sludge Application to Pacific Northwest Forest Lands (C. S. Bledsoe, Ed.). Institute of Forest Resources Contribution No. 41, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
10.
Riekerk, H. (1978), The Behavior of Nutrient Elements Added to a Forest Soil with Sewage Sludge, Soil Science Society of America Journal , 42, 810-816.
11.
Riekerk, H. & Zasoski, R.J. (1979), Effects of Dewatered Sludge Applications to a Douglas-fir Forest Soil on the Soil, Leachate, and Groundwater Composition . In Utilization of Municipal Sewage Effluent and Sludge on Forest and Disturbed Land (W. E. Sopper & S. N. Kerr, Eds). Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, PA, U.S.A.
12.
Schwarz, O. (1977), Uber die Auswirkungen von Mulklarschlammkomposten (MKK) auf Forstkulturen in der Oberrheinebene (The Effects of Composed Solid Waste and Sewage Sludge on Forest Plantations in the Upper Rhine Plain). Forstwissenschlaftliches Centralblatt, 96, 246-253.
13.
Smith, W.H. & Evans, J.O. (1977), Special Opportunities and Problems in Using Forest Soils for Organic Waste Application. In Soils for Management of Organic Wastes and Waste Waters (L. F. Elliott & F. J. Stevenson, Eds). Soil Science Society of America. Madison, WI, U.S.A.
14.
Somers, L.E. (1977), Chemical Composition of Sewage Sludges and Analysis of their Potential Use as a Fertilizer, Journal of Environmental Quality, 6, 225-232.
15.
Sopper, W.E. & Kerr, S.N. (1979), Utilization of Sewage Effluent and Sludge on Forest and Disturbed Land. Pennsylvania State Press, University Park, PA, U.S.A.
16.
Walsh, L.M. (1976), Application of Sewage Sludge to Cropland: Appraisal of Potential Hazards of Heavy Metals to Plants and Animals, Council for Agricultural Science Technical Report No. 64. Iowa State University , Ames, IA, U.S.A.
17.
Wooldridge, D.D. & Stednick, J.D. (1980), Effects of Sludge Irrigation on Three Pacific Northwest Forest Soils, EPA-600/2-80-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH , U.S.A.
18.
Zasoski, R.J. (1981), Effects of Sludge on Soil Chemical Properties . In Municipal Sludge Application to Pacific Northwest Forest Lands (C. S. Bledsoe, Ed.). Institute of Forest Resources Contribution No. 41, College of Forest Resources, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, U.S.A.
19.
Zulauf, A.S. et al. (1979), Soil Survey of Pierce County Area, Washington, USDA Soil Conservation Service and Washington Agricultural Experiment Station. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., U.S.A.
