Aiming to reveal the humification process of organic waste and its contribution to the heavy metal behaviour affected by earthworm activity, it was studied about the variation of humic acid (HA) and heavy metal behaviour during vermicomposting of the mixed pig manure and 13C-labelled rice straw. The results showed that earthworms could well adapt to the culturing environment and feed organic matter for its growth and reproduction, the vermicomposting process increased the content of humic substances (HS), HA, and fulvic acid (FA) in substrate residues, but led to less transformation of HA into FA. The elemental, ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) analysis indicated that vermicomposting led to more aromatic structures and much higher humification degree in HA, whereas less protein, FA-like substances and plastein in HA. Vermicomposting could enhance the total Cu content and decrease Cu/Zn bioavailability in the substrate residues, and vermicomposting especially can help stabilize Cu in the substrate residues by forming more complexed HA–Cu.
AdaniFGeneviniPTamboneF, et al. (2006) Compost effect on soil humic acid: A NMR study. Chemosphere65: 1414–1418.
2.
AliUSajidNKhalidA, et al. (2015) A review on vermicomposting of organic wastes. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy34: 1050–1062.
3.
AmirSJouraiphyAMeddichA, et al. (2010) Structural study of humic acids during composting of activated sludge-green waste: elemental analysis, FTIR and 13C NMR. Journal of Hazardous Materials177: 524–529.
4.
ArumugamKRenganathanSBabalolaOO, et al. (2018) Investigation on paper cup waste degradation by bacterial consortium and Eudrillus eugeinea through vermicomposting. Waste Management74: 185–193.
5.
AwasthiMKDuanYAwasthiSK, et al. (2020) Emerging applications of biochar: Improving pig manure composting and attenuation of heavy metal mobility in mature compost. Journal of Hazardous Materials389: 122116.
6.
BaiZZhangLZhuT, et al. (2007) The status of applying stable isotope in the studies of environmental science. Journal of Isotopes20: 57–64 (In Chinese).
7.
BakarAAMahmoodNZTeixeira da SilvaJA, et al. (2011) Vermicomposting of sewage sludge by Lumbricus rubellus using spent mushroom compost as feed material: Effect on concentration of heavy metals. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering16: 1036–1043.
8.
BaoS (2000) Soil and Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press.
9.
BhatSASinghJVigAP (2017) Instrumental characterization of organic wastes for evaluation of vermicompost maturity. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology8: 1–12.
10.
BrownSChaneyRHallfrischJ, et al. (2004) In situ soil treatments to reduce the phyto-and bioavailability of lead, zinc, and cadmium. Journal of Environment Quality33: 522–531.
11.
CampitelliPCeppiS (2008) Effects of composting technologies on the chemical and physicochemical properties of humic acids. Geoderma144: 325–333.
12.
ChenYLiuYLiY, et al. (2017) Influence of biochar on heavy metals and microbial community during composting of river sediment with agricultural wastes. Bioresource Technology243: 347–355.
13.
ChenYPZhangMXLuoYQ, et al. (2010) The relation of seasonal changes in the δ13C values to freezing tolerance in the needles of Sabina. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research19(2): 350–354 (in Chinese).
14.
de AquinoAMCanellasLPda SilvaAPS, et al. (2019) Evaluation of molecular properties of humic acids from vermicompost by 13 C-CPMAS-NMR spectroscopy and thermochemolysis–GC–MS. Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis141: 104634.
15.
Fernandez-GomezMJNogalesRPlanteA, et al. (2015) Application of a set of complementary techniques to understand how varying the proportion of two wastes affects humic acids produced by vermicomposting. Waste Management35: 81–88.
16.
GuptaRGargVK (2008) Stabilization of primary sewage sludge during vermicomposting. Journal of Hazardous Materials153: 1023–1030.
17.
HancAEnevVHrebeckovaT, et al. (2019) Characterization of humic acids in a continuous-feeding vermicomposting system with horse manure. Waste Management99: 1–11.
18.
HeXXiBWeiZ, et al. (2011) Spectroscopic characterization of water extractable organic matter during composting of municipal solid waste. Chemosphere82: 541–548.
19.
HeXZhangYShenM, et al. (2016) Effect of vermicomposting on concentration and speciation of heavy metals in sewage sludge with additive materials. Bioresource Technology218: 867–873.
20.
KangJZhangZWangJJ (2011) Influence of humic substances on bioavailability of Cu and Zn during sewage sludge composting. Bioresource Technology102: 8022–8026.
21.
KhatuaCSenguptaSKrishna BallaV, et al. (2018) Dynamics of organic matter decomposition during vermicomposting of banana stem waste using Eisenia fetida. Waste Management79: 287–295.
22.
LiLXuZWuJ, et al. (2010) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the earthworm Eisenia fetida in relation to bioavailable metal concentrations in pig manure. Bioresource Technology101: 3430–3436.
23.
LimSLWuTY (2016) Characterization of matured vermicompost derived from valorization of palm oil mill byproduct. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry64: 1761–1769.
24.
LiuTAwasthiSKDuanY, et al. (2020a) Effect of fine coal gasification slag on improvement of bacterial diversity community during the pig manure composting. Bioresource Technology304: 123024.
25.
LiuXHouYLiZ, et al. (2020b) Hyperthermophilic composting of sewage sludge accelerates humic acid formation: Elemental and spectroscopic evidence. Waste Management103: 342–351.
26.
LuFShaoLMZhangH, et al. (2018) Application of advanced techniques for the assessment of bio-stability of biowaste-derived residues: A minireview. Bioresource Technology248: 122–133.
27.
LuYHWatanabeAKimuraM (2003) Carbon dynamics of rhizodeposits, root- and shoot-residues in a rice soil. Soil Biology and Biochemistry35: 1223–1230.
28.
LvBXingMYangJ, et al. (2013) Chemical and spectroscopic characterization of water extractable organic matter during vermicomposting of cattle dung. Bioresource Technology132:320-326.
29.
Marhuenda-EgeaFCMartínez-SabaterEJordáJ, et al. (2007) Dissolved organic matter fractions formed during composting of winery and distillery residues: Evaluation of the process by fluorescence excitation–emission matrix. Chemosphere68: 301–309.
30.
MolinaMJSorianoMDIngelmoF, et al. (2013) Stabilisation of sewage sludge and vinasse bio-wastes by vermicomposting with rabbit manure using Eisenia fetida. Bioresource Technology137: 88–97.
31.
MoralRPerez-MurciaMPerez-EspinosaA, et al. (2008) Salinity, organic content, micronutrients and heavy metals in pig slurries from South-eastern Spain. Waste Management28: 367–371.
32.
National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China (2019) Available at: http://www.stats.gov.cn/.
33.
QuevauvillerPLachicaMBarahonaE, et al. (1996) Interlaboratory comparison of EDTA and DTPA procedures prior to certification of extractable trace elements in calcareous soil. Science of the Total Environment178: 127–132.
34.
RoratASuleimanHGrobelakA, et al. (2015) Interactions between sewage sludge-amended soil and earthworms—comparison between Eisenia fetida and Eisenia andrei composting species. Environmental Science and Pollution Research23: 3026–3035.
35.
SenesiNPlazaCBrunettiG, et al. (2007) A comparative survey of recent results on humic-like fractions in organic amendments and effects on native soil humic substances. Soil Biology and Biochemistry39: 1244–1262.
36.
ShanJBruneAJiR (2010) Selective digestion of the proteinaceous component of humic substances by the geophagous earthworms Metaphire guillelmi and Amynthas corrugatus. Soil Biology and Biochemistry42: 1455–1462.
37.
SinghJKalamdhadAS (2012) Concentration and speciation of heavy metals during water hyacinth composting. Bioresource Technology124: 169–179.
38.
SinghJKalamdhadAS (2013) Reduction of bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during vermicomposting of water hyacinth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research20: 8974–8985.
39.
Soler-RoviraPMadejónEMadejonP, et al. (2010) In situ remediation of metal-contaminated soils with organic amendments: Role of humic acids in copper bioavailability. Chemosphere79(8): 844–849.
40.
SongXLiuMWuD, et al. (2014) Heavy metal and nutrient changes during vermicomposting animal manure spiked with mushroom residues. Waste Management34: 1977–1983.
41.
SongCLiMXiB, et al. (2015) Characterisation of dissolved organic matter extracted from the bio-oxidative phase of co-composting of biogas residues and livestock manure using spectroscopic techniques. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation103: 38–50.
42.
SutharSSajwanPKumarK (2014) Vermiremediation of heavy metals in wastewater sludge from paper and pulp industry using earthworm Eisenia fetida. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety109: 177–184.
43.
SwatiAHaitS (2017) Fate and bioavailability of heavy metals during vermicomposting of various organic wastes-A review. Process Safety and Environmental109: 30–45.
44.
SwiftRS (1996) Organic Matter Characterization. America: Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy.
45.
TangXLuoYRenZ, et al. (2011) Distribution characteristics of soil humus fractions stable carbon isotope natural abundance (delta 13C) in paddy field under long-term ridge culture. Journal of Applied Ecology22: 985–991.
46.
TomatiUMadejonEGalliE (2000) Evolution of humic acid molecular weight as an index of compost stability. Compost Science & Utilization8: 108–115.
47.
WalterIMartínezFCalaV (2006) Heavy metal speciation and phytotoxic effects of three representative sewage sludges for agricultural uses. Environmental Pollution139: 507–514.
48.
WeishaarJAikenGBergamaschiB, et al. (2003) Evaluation of specific ultra-violet absorbance as an indicator of the chemical content of dissolved organic carbon. Environmental Science & Technology37: 4702–4708.
49.
XingMLiXYangJ, et al. (2012) Changes in the chemical characteristics of water-extracted organic matter from vermicomposting of sewage sludge and cow dung. Journal of Hazardous Materials 205–206: 24–31.
50.
YangJLvBZhangJ, et al. (2014) Insight into the roles of earthworm in vermicomposting of sewage sludge by determining the water-extracts through chemical and spectroscopic methods. Bioresource Technology154: 94–100.
51.
ZhangJLvBXingM, et al. (2015) Tracking the composition and transformation of humic and fulvic acids during vermicomposting of sewage sludge by elemental analysis and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix. Waste Management39: 111–118.
52.
ZhuWJiaXWangY (2009) Optimization of factors in vermicomposting of agricultural organic wastes and variation of heavy main properties of the Compost. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment25(4): 77–82, Chinese.
53.
ZhuYJohnsonTASuJ, et al. (2013) Diverse and abundant antibiotic resistance genes in Chinese swine farms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America110(9): 3435–3440.
54.
ZhuWYaoWDuW (2016) Heavy metal variation and characterization change of dissolved organic matter (DOM) obtained from composting or vermicomposting pig manure amended with maize straw. Environmental Science and Pollution Research23: 12128–12139.
55.
ZhuWYaoWShenX, et al. (2018) Heavy metal and δ 13C value variations and characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during vermicomposting of pig manure amended with 13C-labeled rice straw. Environmental Science and Pollution Research25: 20169–20178.
56.
ZhuWYaoWZhangZ, et al. (2014) Heavy metal behavior and dissolved organic matter (DOM) characterization of vermicomposted pig manure amended with rice straw. Environmental Science and Pollution Research21: 12684–12692.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
