The primary objective was to study the effect of testing temperature on the energy absorption characteristics of carbon/PEEK composite tubes. Composite tubes with 0° fiber architecture were tested at different temperatures in the range from -100°C to 150°C. Tubes tested at -100°C and -80°C failed catastrophically by longitudinal cracking parallel to fibers and splitting of tube wall into segments. This was attributed to the reduced fracture toughness at these low temperatures. Composite tubes tested at temperatures above -60°C crushed progressively by the splaying mode. The energy absorption capability increased with increasing temperature from -60°C to -10°C and then decreased with further increase of temperature. A maximum energy absorption capability of 245 kJ/kg was displayed by the tubes tested at -10°C. This variation of energy absorption was attributed to the changes in morphological features of the crush zone and the mechanical properties of composite material with temperature.
1. Hull, D.1991. "A Unified Approach to Progressive Crushing in Fiber Reinforced Composite Tubes,"Composites Science and Technology, 40:377-421.
2.
2. Thornton, P. H.1979. "Energy Absorption in Composite Structures,"J. Composite Materials, 13:247-252.
3.
3. Beardmore, P. and C. F. Johnson. 1986. "The Pltential of Composites in Structural Automotive Applications,"Composites Science and Technology, 26:251-282.
4.
4. Hull, D.1988. "Energy Absorbing Composite Structures,"Science and Technology Review, University of Wales, 3:22-30.
5.
5. Price, J. N. and D. Hull. 1997. "The Crush Performance of Composite Structures,"I. H. Marshall, ed., Composite Structures, pp. 2.32-2.44.
6.
6. Thronton, P. H. and P. J. Edwards. 1982. "Energy Absorption in Composite Tubes,"J. Composite Materials, 16:521-545.
7.
7. Thornton, P. H., H. F. Mahmood and C. L. Magee. 1983. "Energy Absorption by Structural Collapse," in Structural Crashworthiness, N. Jones and T. Wierzbicki, eds., Butterwarths, pp. 96-117.
8.
8. Hull, D.1983. "Axial Crushing of Fiber Reinforced Composite Tubes," in Structural Crashworthiness, N. Jones and T. Wierzbicki, eds., Butterworths, pp. 118-135.
9.
9. Fairfull, A. H. and D. Hull. 1989. "Energy Absorption of Polymer Matrix Composite Structures: Frictional Efiects," in Structural Failure, T. Wierzbicki and N. Jones, eds. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 255-279.
10.
10. Farley, G. L.1987. "Energy Absorption of Composite Materials and Structures,"Proceedings of the 43rd American Helicopter Society Annual Forum, St. Louis, pp. 613-627.
11.
11. Farley. G. L.1983. "Energy Absorption of Composite Materials,"J. Composite Materials, 17:267-279.
12.
12. Farley, G. L. and J. M. Jones. 1992. "Analogy for the Effect of Material and Geometrical Variables on Energy-Absorption Capability of Composite Tbbes,"J. Composite Materials, 26:78-89.
13.
13. Thornton, P. H. and C. L. Magee. 1977. "The Interplay of Geometric and Materials Variables in Energy Absorption,"Transactions of the ASME, pp. 114-120.
14.
14. Fairfiull, A. H. and D. Hull. 1987. "Effect of Specimen Dimensions on the Specific Energy Absorption of Fiber Composite Tubes;"Proceedings of ICCM-VI & ECCM 2, F. L. Matthews, N. C. R. Buskell, J. M. Hodgkinson and J. Morton, eds., Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 3.36-3.45.
15.
15. Hull, D. and J. C. Coppola. 1989. "Effect of Trigger Geometry on Crushing of Composite Tubes'Materials and Processing-Move into the 90s. S. Benson, T. Cook, E. Trewin and R. M. Turner, eds., Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 29-38
16.
16. Sigalas, J., M. Kumosa, M. and D. Hull. 1991. "Trigger Mechanisms in Energy Absorbing Glass Cloth/Epoxy Tubes;"Composites Science and Technology, 40:265-287.
17.
17. Thornton, P. H.1985. "Effect of Trigger Geometry on Energy Absorption of Composite Tubes;"Proceedings of ICCM4, W. C. Harrington, S. Strife and A. K. Dhingra, eds., Metallurgical Society, PA, pp. 1183-1199.
18.
18. Thornton, P. H.1986. "The Crush Behavior of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Sections,"Composites Science and Technology, 27:199-224.
19.
19. Price, J. N. and D. Hull. 1987. "Axial Crushing of Glass Fiber-Polyester Composite Cones;"Composites Science and Technology, 28:211-230.
20.
20. Czaplicki, M. J., P. H. Thornton and R. E. Robertson. 1988. "Collapse Triggering of Polymer Composite Energy Absorbing Structures," in How to Apply Advanced Composites Technology, ASM, pp. 39-46
21.
21. Farley, G. L.1986. "Effect of Specimen Geometry on the Energy Absorption Capability of Composite Materials,"J. Composite Materials, 20:390-400.
22.
22. Farley, G. L. and R. M. Jones. 1992. "Crushing Characteristics of Composite Tubes with Near Elliptical Cross Sections,"J. Composite Materials, 26:1741-1751.
23.
23. Ramakrishna, S. and D. Hull. 1993. "Energy Absorption Capability of Epoxy Composite lubes with Knitted Carbon Fiber Fabric Reinforcement,"Composites Science and Technology, 49:349-356.
24.
24. Ramakrishna, S. and D. Hull. 1990. "Energy Absorption in Knitted Reinforced Pblymer Matrix Composites,"Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Structural Testing, Analysis and Design, B. Dattaguru, ed., Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, Ltd., pp. 69-74.
25.
25. Berry, J. and D. Hull. 1984. "Energy Absorption of SMC under Crash Conditions,"Proceedings of Fiber Reinforced Composites Conference '84, Plastics and Rubber Institute, pp. 5.1-5.10.
26.
26. Hamada, H., S. Ramakrishna, M. Nakamura, Z. Maekawa and D. Hull. 1994. "Progressive Crushing Behavior of Glass/Epoxy Composite Tubes with Different Surface Treatment,"Composite Interfaces, 3:127-142.
27.
27. Thornton, P. H., J. J. Harwood and P. Beardmore. 1985. "Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites for Energy Absorption Purposes,"Composites Science and Technology, 24:275-298.
28.
28. Fontana, Q. P. V. 1989. "Speed and Temperature Ef;ects on the Energy Absorption of Axially Crushed Composite Tlubes;" Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, UK.
29.
29. Hamada, H., J. C. Coppola, D. Hull, Z. Maekawa and H. Sato. 1992. "Comparison of Energy Absorption of Carbon/Epoxy and Carbon/PEEK Composite Tubes;"Composites, 23:245-252.
30.
30. Hamada, H., S. Ranakrishna and H. Sato. In Press. "Effect of Fiber Orientation on the Energy Absorption Capability of Carbon Fiber/PEEK Composite lubes;"J. Composite Materials.
31.
31. Davies, P. and F. X. De Charentenay. 1987. "The Effect of Temperature on the Interlaminar Fracture of Tough Composites;"Proceedings of ICCM-VI & ECCM2, F. L. Matthews, N. C. R. Buskell, J. M. Hodgkinson and J. Morton, eds., Elsevier Science Publishers, pp. 3.284-3.294.
32.
32. Hine, P. J., B. Brew, R. A. Duckett and I. M. Ward. 1989. "Failure Mechanisms in Continuous Carbon-Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites,"Composites Science and Technology, 35:31-51.
33.
33. Hine, P. J., B. Brew, R. A. Duckett and I. M. Ward. 1991. "Failure Mechanisms in Carbon Fiber Reinforced Pbly Ether Ketone. 11: Material Variables,"Composite Science and Technology, 40:47-67.
