A type of gradient-degraded material-induced trigger has a greater potential to induce a progressive crushing mode in a controlled manner to reduce the initial crushing load and increase the specific energy absorption. Thus, different material degradation strategy-based triggers are designed to improve the crashworthiness of composite tubes. To understand the triggering mechanisms, effects of height of trigger and level of degradation are studied using single material degradation strategies. In turn, gradient material degradation strategies are novelly presented to explore different crushing behaviors of tube. Further, an improved gradient material degradation gathering all features of single material degradation and gradient material degradation is proposed. The virtual quasi-static crushing tests are conducted where the model considers intra-ply and inter-ply failure initiation and damage evolution. The crushing behaviors of all triggered tubes are compared. From the predicted results, it is found that both the height of trigger and level of degradation have significant effects on the crushing behavior. The multi-phased or progressive initial crushing process is presented by using gradient material degradation. By comparison, the tube using the improved gradient material degradation presents 8.26% lower peak load, 8.75% higher specific energy absorption, and 25% higher crushing load stability than the original tube.
SivagurunathanRWaySLTSivagurunathanL, et al.
Effects of triggering mechanisms on the crashworthiness characteristics of square woven jute/epoxy composite tubes. J Reinf Plast Compos2018;
37: 824–840.
2.
GhoushjiMJEshkoorRAZulkifliR, et al.
Energy absorption capability of axially compressed woven natural Ramie/green epoxy square composite tubes. J Reinf Plast Compos2017;
36: 1028–1037.
3.
SanyangMLIlyasRASapuanSM, et al. Sugar palm starch-based composites for packaging applications. In: Bionanocomposites for packaging applications. New York, NY: Springer, 2018, pp.125–147.
4.
JiangHRenYLiuZ, et al.
Evaluations of failure initiation criteria for predicting damages of composite structures under crushing loading. J Reinf Plast Compos2018;
37: 1279–1303.
5.
IlyasRA.Sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced sugar palm starch composite: degradation and water-barrier properties. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng2018;
368: 012006.
6.
IlyasRASapuanSMIshakMR.Isolation and characterization of nanocrystalline cellulose from sugar palm fibres (Arenga pinnata). Carbohydr Polym2018;
181: 1038–1051.
7.
MaHZhangFZhouY.Composite estimating equation approach for additive risk model with length-biased and right-censored data. Stat Probabil Lett2015;
96: 45–53.
8.
ZhangFPengHZhouY.Composite partial likelihood estimation for length-biased and right-censored data with competing risks. J Multivariate Anal2016;
149: 160–176.
9.
IlyasRASapuanSMIshakMR, et al.
Development and characterization of sugar palm nanocrystalline cellulose reinforced sugar palm starch bionanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym2018;
202: 186–202.
10.
IlyasRASapuanSMIshakMR, et al.
Sugar palm nanofibrillated cellulose (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr): effect of cycles on their yield, physic-chemical, morphological and thermal behavior. Int J Biol Macromol2019;
123: 379–388.
11.
GrauersLOlssonRGutkinR.Energy absorption and damage mechanisms in progressive crushing of corrugated NCF laminates: fractographic analysis. Compos Struct2014;
110: 110–117.
12.
ChiuLNSFalzonBGBomanR, et al.
Finite element modelling of composite structures under crushing load. Compos Struct2015;
131: 215–228.
13.
TarlochanFSamerFHamoudaAMS, et al.
Design of thin wall structures for energy absorption applications: enhancement of crashworthiness due to axial and oblique impact forces. Thin Wall Struct2013;
71: 7–17.
14.
JiangHRenYGaoB.Research on the progressive damage model and trigger geometry of composite waved beam to improve crashworthiness. Thin Wall Struct2017;
119: 531–543.
15.
ZhangSCapraniCHeidarpourA.Influence of fibre orientation on pultruded GFRP material properties. Compos Struct2018;
204: 368–377.
16.
PappasGJoncasSMichaudV, et al.
The influence of through-thickness reinforcement geometry and pattern on delamination of fiber-reinforced composites, part I: experimental results. Compos Struct2018;
184: 924–934.
17.
AbralHBasriAMuhammadF, et al.
A simple method for improving the properties of the sago starch films prepared by using ultrasonication treatment. Food Hydrocolloid2019;
93: 276–283.
18.
IlyasRASapuanSMSanyanML, et al.
Nanocrystalline cellulose as reinforcement for polymeric matrix nanocomposites and its potential applications: a review. Curr Anal Chem2018;
14: 203–225.
19.
FarleyGL.Effect of specimen geometry on the energy absorption capability of composite materials. J Compos Mater1986;
20: 390–400.
20.
AbdewiEFSulaimanSHamoudaAMS, et al.
Effect of geometry on the crushing behaviour of laminated corrugated composite tubes. J Mater Process Technol2006;
172: 394–399.
21.
JiangHRenYLiuZ, et al.
Low-velocity impact resistance behaviors of bio-inspired helicoidal composite laminates with non-linear rotation angle based layups. Compos Struct2019;
214: 463–475.
22.
HamadaHRamakrishnaSSatoH.Effect of fiber orientation on the energy absorption capability of carbon fiber/PEEK composite tubes. J Compos Mater1996;
15: 30–47.
23.
IlyasRASapuanSMIshakMR, et al.
Effect of delignification on the physical, thermal, chemical, and structural properties of sugar palm fibre. BioResources2017;
12: 8734–8754.
24.
JoostenMWHirthCThomsonR, et al.
Effect of environmental conditions on the failure mechanisms and energy absorption of open-section crush elements under quasi-static loading. Compos Struct2018;
209: 747–753.
25.
CzaplickiMJRobertsonREThorntonPH.Comparison of bevel and tulip triggered pultruded tubes for energy absorption. Compos Sci Technol1991;
40: 31–46.
HuangJWangX.Numerical and experimental investigations on the axial crushing response of composite tubes. Compos Struct2009;
91: 222–228.
28.
HanagudSCraigJISriramP, et al.
Energy absorption behavior of graphite epoxy composite sine webs. J Compos Mater1989;
23: 448–459.
29.
FeraboliP.Development of a corrugated test specimen for composite materials energy absorption. J Compos Mater2008;
42: 229–256.
30.
JiménezMAMiraveteALarrodéE, et al.
Effect of trigger geometry on energy absorption in composite profiles. Compos Struct2000;
48: 107–111.
31.
PalaniveluSPaepegemWVDegrieckJ, et al.
Parametric study of crushing parameters and failure patterns of pultruded composite tubes using cohesive elements and seam, part I: central delamination and triggering modelling. Polym Test2010;
29: 729–741.
32.
JiangHRenYGaoB, et al.
Design of novel plug-type triggers for composite square tubes: enhancement of energy-absorption capacity and inducing failure mechanisms. Int J Mech Sci2017;
131–132: 113–136.
33.
McgregorCVaziriRXiaoX.Finite element modelling of the progressive crushing of braided composite tubes under axial impact. Int J Impact Eng2010;
37: 662–672.
34.
EshkoorRAOshkovrSASulongAB, et al.
Effect of trigger configuration on the crashworthiness characteristics of natural silk epoxy composite tubes. Compos Part B2013;
55: 5–10.
35.
SiromaniDHendersonGMikitaD, et al.
An experimental study on the effect of failure trigger mechanisms on the energy absorption capability of CFRP tubes under axial compression. Compos Part A2014;
64: 25–35.
36.
EshkoorRAOshkovrSASulongAB, et al.
Comparative research on the crashworthiness characteristics of woven natural silk/epoxy composite tubes. Mater Des2013;
47: 248–257.
37.
EshkoorRAUdeAUOshkovrSA, et al.
Failure mechanism of woven natural silk/epoxy rectangular composite tubes under axial quasi-static crushing test using trigger mechanism. Int J Impact Eng2014;
64: 53–61.
38.
LiuZJiangHRenY, et al.
Energy-absorption performance of composite corrugated plates with corrugated-shape ditch plug initiator. Polym Compos2018;
40(5): 1708–1717.
39.
TongYXuY.Improvement of crash energy absorption of 2D braided composite tubes through an innovative chamfer external triggers. Int J Impact Eng2017;
111: 11–20.
40.
RenYXiangJ.The crashworthiness of civil aircraft using different quadrangular tubes as cabin-floor struts. Int J Crashworth2011;
16: 253–262.
41.
ZhaoXZhuGZhouC, et al.
Crashworthiness analysis and design of composite tapered tubes under multiple load cases. Compos Struct2019;
222: 110920.
42.
MahdiESebaeyTA.Crushing behavior of hybrid hexagonal/octagonal cellular composite system: aramid/carbon hybrid composite. Mater Des2014;
63: 6–13.
43.
PalaniveluSPaepegemWVDegrieckJ, et al.
Experimental study on the axial crushing behaviour of pultruded composite tubes. Polym Test2010;
29: 224–234.
SokolinskyVS.Numerical simulation of the crushing process of a corrugated composite plate. Compos Part A2011;
42: 1119–1126.
46.
MatzenmillerALublinerJTaylorL.A constitutive model for anisotropic damage in fiber-composites. Mech Mater1995;
20: 125–152.
47.
JiangHRenYGaoB, et al.
Numerical investigation on links between the stacking sequence and energy absorption characteristics of fabric and unidirectional composite sinusoidal plate. Compos Struct2017;
171: 382–402.
48.
ZhangCXuX.Finite element analysis of 3D braided composites based on three unit-cells models. Compos Struct2013;
98: 130–142.
49.
AlfanoGSaccoE.Combining interface damage and friction in a cohesive-zone model. Int J Numer Meth Eng2010;
68: 542–582.
50.
ZhangCCuriel-SosaJLBuiTQ.A novel interface constitutive model for prediction of stiffness and strength in 3D braided composites. Compos Struct2017;
16: 32–43.
51.
CamanhoPPDavilaCG. Mixed-mode decohesion finite elements for the simulation of delamination in composite materials. Tech Rep NASA/TM-2002-211737, 2002.
52.
FeraboliPWadeBDeleoF, et al.
Crush energy absorption of composite channel section specimens. Compos Part A2009;
40: 1248–1256.
53.
JiangHRenYXiangJ.A numerical study on the energy-absorption of fibre metal laminate conical frusta under quasi-static compression loading. Thin Wall Struct2018;
124: 278–290.
54.
JoostenMWDuttonSKellyD, et al.
Experimental and numerical investigation of the crushing response of an open section composite energy absorbing element. Compos Struct2011;
93: 682–689.
