Abstract
This article reconstructs and extends David Gordon’s distinction between capitalist and socialist efficiency as a framework for analyzing the co‑evolution of production techniques, class power, and worker subjectivity. Historical conflicts such as the Lordstown strike and new forms of algorithmic supervision in digital labor markets are used to illustrate the relevance of Gordon’s dual conception of efficiency. The article explores how workers resist these capitalist control strategies and how emerging practices—platform cooperatives, online worker forums, and community‑based ownership efforts—prefigure socialist forms of production by cultivating democratic capacities. It extends Gordon’s conception of socialist efficiency from the workplace to the political realm of democratic self‑governance. Finally, it argues that such a framework must be expanded to incorporate ecological constraints, by proposing an eco‑socialist conception of quantitative efficiency grounded in ecological sustainability and the development of human capabilities. Using Gordon’s article as the foundation, this framework offers a perspective for understanding transitions toward democratic, sustainable, post‑capitalist social formation.
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