The twentieth-century Southern racial political order is conventionally seen as a product of tenant farming and economic stagnation. This article argues that class and racial struggles in agriculture had a variety of effects, some enhancing white political advantage while others undermined it, and that these effects differed depending on the racial composition of county populations. These results shed new light on the politics of black land loss and the trajectory of southern political development.
Alston, L., and J. Ferrie.1993. Paternalism in agricultural labor contracts in the U.S. South: Implications for the growth of the welfare state. American Economic Review83: 852-76.
2.
Alt, J.E.1994. The impact of the Voting Rights Act on black and white voter registration in the South. In Quiet revolution in the South, ed. C. Davidson and B. Grofman, 351-77. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
3.
Ayers, E.L.1992. The promise of the new South. New York : Oxford University Press.
4.
Black, E., and M. Black.1987. Politics and society in the new South . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
5.
Billings, D.B., Jr.1979. Planters and the making of a "new South ." Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
6.
Bishir, C.W.1993. Landmarks of power: Building a Southern past, 1885-1915 . Southern Cultures1: 5-45.
7.
Buggs, S.1999. The Parkers and the land: Black farmers are vanishing, but this family has persevered. News and Observer, Raleigh, NC:1A, 8A, 9A.
8.
Cobb, J.C.1988. Beyond planters and industrialists: A new perspective on the new South. Journal of Southern History54: 45-68.
9.
---. 1992. The most Southern place on earth. New York: Oxford University Press.
10.
Corrigan, P., and D. Sayer.1985. The great arch: English state formation as cultural revolution. Oxford: Blackwell.
11.
Daniel, P.1994. The legal basis of agrarian capitalism: The South since 1933. In Race and class in the American South since 1890, ed. M. Stokes and R. Halpern, 79-102. Oxford: Berg.
12.
---. 1985. Breaking the land. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
13.
Feagin, J.R., and H. Hahn.1970. The second reconstruction: Black political strength in the South. Social Science Quarterly51: 42-56.
14.
Fite, G.1984. Cotton fields no more. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky.
15.
Goodwyn, L.1976. Democratic promise. New York: Oxford University Press.
16.
Grubbs, D.H.1971. Cry from the cotton. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
17.
Hahn, S.2003. A nation under our feet. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
18.
Halpern, R.1994. Organized labor, black workers and the twentieth century South: The emerging revision. In Race and class in the American South since 1890, ed. M. Stokes and R. Halpern, vii-xvii. Oxford: Berg.
19.
Holt, S.A.1994. Making freedom pay: Freedpeople working for themselves, North Carolina, 1865-1900. Journal of Southern History60: 229-62.
20.
---. 2000. Making freedom pay. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
21.
Jaccard, J., R. Turrisi, and C.K. Wan1990. Interaction effects in multiple regression. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
22.
James, D.R.1988. The transformation of the Southern racial state: Class and race determinants of local-state structures. American Sociological Review53: 191-208.
23.
Jones, S.1999. Black farmers to protest settlement. News and Observer, Raleigh, NC, March 1.
24.
Key, V.O., Jr.1949. Southern politics in state and nation. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
25.
Kousser, J.M.1974. The shaping of Southern politics. New Haven: Yale University Press.
26.
Marable, M.1979. The politics of black land tenure, 1877-1915. Agricultural History15: 142-52.
27.
March, J.G., and J.P. Olsen.1984. The new institutionalism: Organizational factors in political life. American Political Science Review78: 734-49.
28.
Matthews, D.R., and J.W. Prothro.1966. Negroes and the new Southern politics . New York: Harcourt, Brace and World.
29.
Moody, K.1988. An injury to all. London: Verso .
30.
Palmer, B.1980. Man over money. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
31.
Roscigno, V., and K. Kimble.1995. Elite power, race, and the persistence of low unionization in the South. Work and Occupations22: 271-300.
32.
Roscigno, V., and D. Tomaskovic-Devey .1994. Racial politics in the contemporary South: Toward a more critical understanding. Social Problems41: 585-607.
33.
Rosen, J.1997. Seeds of change. News and Observer , Raleigh, NC, December 14.
34.
---. 1998. Bill strikes at limits on farm loans. News and Observer, Raleigh, NC, March 20.
35.
---. 1999. Black farmers protest. News and Observer , Raleigh, NC, 3 March: 12A.
36.
Salamon, L.M., and S. Van Evera .1973. Fear, apathy and discrimination: A test of three explanations of political participation. American Political Science Review67: 1288-306.
37.
Sayer, D.1987. The violence of abstraction. Oxford : Blackwell.
38.
Schulman, M.D., and B.A. Newman.1991. The persistence of the black farmer: The contemporary relevance of the Lenin-Chayanov debate. Rural Sociology56 (2): 264-83.
39.
Schwartz, M.1976. Radical protest and social structure. New York: Academic Press.
40.
Steinmo, S., K. Thelen, and F. Longstreth.1992. Structuring politics: Historical institutionalism in comparative analysis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
41.
Terrill, T. E., and J. Hirsch , eds. 1978. Such as us. New York: Norton.
42.
United States Bureau of the Census.1957. 1954 census of agriculture. State data. Washington, DC : USGPO.
43.
---. 1975. Historical statistics of the United States: Colonial times to 1970. Part 1. Washington, DC: USGPO.
44.
---. 1978. County and city data book consolidated file, county data 1947-1977 [machine-readable data file]. Washington, DC : USGPO.
45.
United States Commission on Civil Rights.1959. Report. Washington, DC: USGPO.
46.
Weber, M.1974 [1921]. Politics as a vocation. In From Max Weber, ed. H. Gerth and C. W. Mills, 77-128. New York: Oxford University Press.
47.
Wiener, J.M.1978. Social origins of the new South. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.
48.
Wood, P.J.1986. Southern capitalism. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
49.
Woodman, H.D.1977. Sequel to slavery: The new history views the postbellum South. Journal of Southern History43: 523-54.
50.
---. 1979. Post-Civil War Southern agriculture and the law. Agricultural History53: 319-37.
51.
---. 1995. New South, new law. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press.
52.
---. 1997. Class, race, politics and the modernization of the postbellum South. Journal of Southern History63: 3-22.
53.
Woods, C.1998. Development arrested. London: Verso.
54.
Woodward, C.V.1963[1938]. Tom Watson: Agrarian rebel. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
55.
---. 1968. The populist heritage and the intellectual. In The burden of Southern history, 104-120. New York: Mentor.
56.
Wright, G.1986. Old South, new South. New York: Basic Books.
57.
---. 1987. Postbellum Southern labor markets. In Quantity and quiddity: Essays in U.S. economic history, ed. P. Kilby, 98-134. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
