Cardio-renal syndrome is well – known clinical syndrome, describing both negative effects of impaired renal function on heart and circulation and, on the other hand, those of heart failure on renal function.
Many author have investigated the usefulness of serological markers in identify and eventually follow this syndrome. Natriuretic peptides levels are not only directly associated with severity of heart failure, but on the other hand they can help to detect renal dysfunction before creatinine serum levels raise up.
NGAL, Cystatin C, NAG, KIM-1 and IL-18 represent interesting biomarkers for early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI), while urinary KIM-1 and urinary IL-18 seems to be appropriate only for differential diagnosis of established AKI.
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